Replacing Textbooks with Tablets - 1024 Words

As more people began to access the Internet through smart phones and tablets rather than laptops and computers, it is not a surprise that they would also want to transform the American education system by bringing tablets into classrooms. In fact, a few schools around the country have already replaced textbooks with tablets and have seen improvements in students’ standardized test scores. Using tablets instead of textbooks is not only convenient and helpful, but it can also reduce the amount of paper wastes in school. However, it is not a good idea to completely transform textbooks with tablets with the current technology, for it can not only be damaging to the environment and costly to set up, but also might not be effective in improving†¦show more content†¦Since â€Å"we are currently spending more than 100 million dollars a year on textbooks,† schools can save a lot of money this way because â€Å"E-textbooks on tablets cost on average 50-60% less than pri nted books†. Moreover, hundreds of e-books can be updated to the latest version with just a few of clicks, while replacing the actual textbooks can be a pain to most of the schools. This way, students can learn from the latest and most accurate version of their textbooks (â€Å"Tablets†). However, the cost of revolutionizing the textbook market can be an even more drain on the economy. Currently, the â€Å"total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools in the United States amounted to $638 billion... or about $12,743 per public school student (nces). Replacing textbooks with tablets will make these numbers even higher since each tablet is very expensive and has to be replaced periodically as newer technologies come out. They are also costly to maintain and time consuming to fix. The schools will have to set up costly wifi infrastructures to support tablets, and employ technicians to fix these fragile electronics because they are a lot less prone to brea k than textbooks. Considering that many students do not have sufficient home internet bandwidth to use tablets, it can be very hard for them to do? homework and study at home. â€Å"Many families and classrooms will be left behind as tablet technologyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Textbooks Vs Textbooks967 Words   |  4 PagesTextbooks are going out while tablets are coming in! Textbooks have almost always been used in some form in the classroom. Recently, new technologies have been invading our society, making many things more convenient and changing the way communities do everyday things. Technology has helped the world with communication, transportation, learning, reading, etc. and now it can help students and teachers with education. Teaching and learning can be faster and more convenient for everyone with the helpRead MoreShould Tablets Become The New Primary Way Students Learn?989 Words   |  4 PagesShould Tablets Become the New Primary Way Students learn? With each passing year, school systems strive to become the best/top school in their district by developing new ways to help further educate young minds and improving over all testing scores. To achieve their goals, some schools has cut down on recess and increased class room proactivity. Other schools just simply took out your basic electives such as home EC and work shop and replaced them with more math classes and science class. Then youRead MoreA Modern Alternative to Textbooks Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesover 7 billion dollars on textbooks a year, and in many cases, those textbooks are out of date(â€Å"The Future of Education: Tablets vs. Textbooks† online). Schools have been using textbooks for as long as anyone can remember. In fact, some textbooks were found from as early as the 16th century(Goslin online). With the many new developments in technology, it’s time for a change. Schools should store away those heavy textbooks and make the switch to electronic tablets. Tablets would have many advantagesRead MoreTablets Can Help Students Improve Their Learning943 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, schools have considered replacing textbooks with tablets. According to a 2012 report from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), schools spend more than $7 billion dollars on outdated textbooks a year. It has become a major problem. With all the outrageous expenses including paper, printing, and publishing costs that go towards printing textbooks, schools should consider using tablets instead of books for students to use. Therefore, buying tablets would make it more affordable andRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Textbooks In K-12 Schools1216 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, tablets have dominated computers and laptops in the workforce and textbooks in some schools in the United States. As tablets are becoming more prevalent, a debate has been established regarding whether K-12 school districts should switch from print textbooks to digi tal textbooks on tablets in the classroom. In definition, a tablet is a handheld computer, but they are usually much bigger than a cell phone. There are many reasons why school districts may or may not replace digital textbooks or tabletsRead MoreEssay On Tablets1036 Words   |  5 PagesA Sign of the New Age: The Implementation of Tablets in Classrooms In a scenario akin to when the spread of books was first introduced and to when the internet was popularized and replaced our â€Å"traditional† means of media and communication, we are seeing an opposition to a new integration as our changing world progresses. In schools all around America, tablets are being implemented in classrooms to phase out and replace traditional textbooks. As with every new, â€Å"radical† revolution of a symbol ofRead MoreTextbooks Vs Tablets in schools Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pages Textbooks VS Tablets Teachers are always assigning homework in the textbook and of course every student complains. Not only because they have homework, but because they have to lug home multiple textbooks. Many school districts have been trying to find a way to solve this complaint. What school board officials have come up with is replacing the textbooks with notebook computers or tablets. It is the 21st century, there is technology booming everywhere. However, converting the notebook computersRead MoreThe Tablet Based Textbook: An Iceberg Toward Dystopia1597 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tablet Computer: An Iceberg Toward Dystopia The textbook first appeared in the American education system in the late 1600’s in the form of the New England Primer. Dominated with religious content, the New England Primer was used as an introductory tool for reading instruction. As time progressed, more secular messages filled the pages of the book, and this shift in content paved the way for further textbooks, such as Webster’s American Spelling Book, and The McGuffey Reader. These books helpedRead MoreThe Greatest American Company1673 Words   |  7 Pagesof the greatest American companies was created: Apple Incorporated. From that point on, tablets were never the same. Apple has paved the way for tablet devices in the field of technology. Apple is mostly known for their Macintosh computers, which were first unveiled on January 4, 1984, but on April 3, 2010 Apple outdid themselves once again with the the invention of the iPad. The iPad is an all-in-one tablet-like device. With the iPad learning is able to à ¢â‚¬Å"go way beyond the classroom† (www.appleRead MoreHow Technology Can Make A Younger Student995 Words   |  4 Pagesstyles of teaching that arise from the implementation of tablet devices. These are the instrumental teaching style and the opposite innovative teaching style. Educators who follow the instrumental style are â€Å"those who did not change their beliefs about their role after the implementation of the tablet in their classroom and consequently, did not change their teaching style drastically† (7). A teacher who uses tablets as a replacement for textbooks is an example of this. Innovative teachers are â€Å"those

Dialectical Behavior Therapy - 833 Words

Description of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral treatment developed by Marsha M. Linehan for the treatment of complex, difficult-to-treat mental disorders. Originally, DBT was developed to treat individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD; Carson-Wong, Rizvi, Steffel, 2013; Scheel, 2000). However, DBT has evolved into a treatment for multi-disordered individuals with BPD. In addition, DBT has been adapted for the treatment of other behavioral disorders involving emotional dysregulation, for example, substance abuse, binge eating, and for settings, such as inpatient and partial hospitalization. Dimeff and Linehan (2001) described five functions†¦show more content†¦Finally, therapist may be reinforced for iatrogenic treatment, where they reward clients for ineffective treatment strategies and punish them for effective treatment strategies. To address these difficulties, Linehan developed several modifications which formed the basis of DBT. (Dimeff Linehan, Dialectical behavior therapy in a nutshell, 2001) DBT is designed to treat clients at all levels of severity and complexity of disorders. A growing body of empirical studies has examined DBT. DBT has been the subject of the most study and is the most widely used (Carson-Wong, Rizvi, Steffel, 2013). In one study, Axelrod, et al. (2011) adapted DBT to treat pre-adolescent children who were engaging in nonsuicidal self harming behaviors. The goal of this study was to adapt DBT skills to accommodate the developmental level of younger children. The results of the study provided promising evidence for the use of DBT for children with severe suicidal and nonsuicidal behaviors. At the end of the study, there was a significant increase in adaptive coping skills and a significant decrease in depressive symptoms, behavioral problems and suicidal ideations. However, there are several limitations to this study. One, the sample size is small, and there results may not generalize to other populations. Second, the study was conducted for only sixShow MoreRelatedDialectical Behavior Therapy And Mindfulness Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy Mindfulness Mindfulness is another way of meditation. Meditation was used to seek to improve one’s psychological or physical health, or spiritual growth. (Brantley, 2007). The history of Mindfulness comes from Buddhism and his search for enlightenment and a foundation of the four noble truths. The Buddha teaching focus on the four noble truths which consist of knowing suffering exists, there is a cause of suffering, there is cessation of suffering and there is a pathRead MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy Is A Second Wave Therapy1065 Words   |  5 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy is a Third Wave Therapy created by Marsha Linehan in the 1970’s. It comes from a Cognitive Behavioral perspective. In High School she wanted to become a psychiatrist and work with the most mentally disturbed patients. She realized, however, that there weren’t a lot of effective treatments for these patients. She then decided to earn a PhD in experiential personality psychology (Prochaska Norcro ss 2014 p. ). Linehan wanted to work with the most difficult patients,Read MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy As A Treatment For Borderline Personality Disorder1482 Words   |  6 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy as a Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder What is Borderline Personality Disorder? Personality disorders are characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) as disorders where impulsivity is the main deficit and without treatment, it acquires new symptoms as time progresses. The four core features that are prevalent in all personality disorders include dysfunctional thinkingRead MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy ( Dbt ) Essay1974 Words   |  8 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an innovative and contemporary approach to treatment for clients that display behaviors associated with the diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) (Andreasson, Krogh, Wenneberg, Jessen, Krakauer, Gluud Nordentoft, 2016). DBT was created by Marsha Linehan at the University of Washington, where she studied emotionally vulnerable individuals who were diagnosed with BPD (Burke Stepp, 2012) Individuals living with BPDRead More Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Essay2635 Words   |  11 PagesDescription of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral treatment developed by Marsha M. Linehan for the treatment of complex, difficult-to-treat mental disorders. Originally, DBT was developed to treat individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD; Carson-Wong, Rizvi, Steffel, 2013; Scheel, 2000). However, DBT has evolved into a treatment for multi-disordered individuals with BPD. In addition, DBT has been adaptedRead MoreLiving With Borderline Personality Disorder Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is borderline personality disorder? Borderline personality disorder is a serious mental disorder marked by a pattern of ongoing instability in moods, behavior, self-image and functioning (Borderline Personality Disorder, 2016). I wanted to know what symptoms of BPD are and Patient A stated, â€Å"symptoms of BPD are impulsive actions or behaviors, really unhealthy relationships, it’s all or nothing, there can be no in the middle with rela tionships, feeling alone or isolated, feeling empty, always beingRead MoreMy Emerging Behavioral Therapy Theory1711 Words   |  7 PagesMy emerging theory employed aspects of therapy from the humanism, existentialism, dialectical behavior, and when necessary exposure therapy. These theories have represented me as a person. As I have presented them here, they through the lens of each other, they work to form one integrative approach. As Rogerian humanism has laid the foundation for ways of being, this theory also incorporated Dr. Marsha Linehan’s structure of dialectical behavioral therapy’s and goals expressed by Yalom in existentialismRead MoreDr. Young Uses Dialectical Behavior Therapy Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pageswith therapy – until I conducted an interview with Dr. Priscilla Young, a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner with Kennebec Behavioral Health. First, a little bit about the interviewee - Dr. Young received a Master’s in Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nursing from Husson University in 2005. As a psychiatrist, she prescribes medications to clients, but also does psychotherapy during sessions. My goal for the interview was to determine the population Dr. Young works with, the therapies and techniquesRead MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy : An Evidence Based Treatment For Borderline Personality Disorder1141 Words   |  5 PagesDialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) and PTSD (Cukor, 2009). The therapy focuses on a balance between change and acceptance. DBT is combined with individual psychotherapy and building skills groups to regulate emotion, mindfulness and distress tolerance. There are two stages associated with DBT. The first entails the use of DBT for individuals with BPD with significant trauma histories and PTSD (Welch Rothbaum, 2007). Patients Read MoreClass, Dialectical Behavior Therapy ( Dbt ) Skills Group, And A Chronic Pain Group2062 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout this semester I have been able to attend three different groups and they all have taught me something different. The three groups that I have been a part of are: Love and Logic Parenting Class, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Skills Group, and a Chronic Pain Group. The DBT group is the one that I have been a part the longest and will write most of my paper on. In this group there were originally three members, however, as of this week a new group member has joined. The way the DBT

Concept of Purchase Power Parity-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Define Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory. Based on PPP, would you expect the price of a new car to be the same in China as it is in Brazil? Provide justifications for your answer. 2.The September 2016 inflation rate for China is 1.9% and for Brazil 8.48%. Based on PPP, what would you expect to happen to the foreign currency? Show your calculations and discuss the expected effect. 3.Collect monthly data on the spot exchange rate between the Australian Dollar and Chinese Yuan from July 2012 to June 2015 from the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). Plot the data and comment on the factors that influence the exchange rate behaviour (theory and practice) - search for 2 articles in reputable sources to support discussion 4.Compute the forward rate discount or premium for the Brazilian real whose 180 day forward rate is USD3.27 and spot rate is USD3.23. State whether your answer is a discount or premium. 5.Define a currency option, related terms, and pricing factors. 6.How much will Howard pay per option and in total if the MNC wants to hedge the bid with call options? 7.What is the maximum amount necessary to purchase the R$500,000? 8.Would Howard Ltd exercise the call option if the bid is rejected? Explain. Answers: Introduction 1.Purchasing power parity is one of therories of economics which mentions about the rate of exchange among the currencies in different countries is equal to the currencies ratio in respect of the purchasing power. The main concept behind is that when the price of any particular product is at par in both the countries, the currencies of the countries will be in equilibrium with each other (Lothian 2016) PPP is denoted by the formula = S = P1/P2, where P1 denotes cost of basket of products in country 1 and P2 denotes cost of basket of products in country 2 and S is the rate of exchange between the two currency of 2 countries. It is determined based on inflation and the cost of living in the given 2 countries. As per the PPP model, purchase price of a new car in Brazil will be same as it is in China, because the concept of PPP is based one price for all the commodities. Thus if the exchange rate ratio does not alters, the price of the given basket of products will remain same in both the countries. It will also depend on other factors like inflation and interest rates that will affect the price of goods in a particular country. 2.As per the concept of PPP, the rate of inflation is a critical factor that determines the exchange rate ratio. In the given case, the inflation rate for two countries is given. The spot rate for the home currency is 1CNY= 0.48644 BRL. According to the PPP model, the forward rate will be Spot rate (1+Inflation of home currency/ 1+inflation of foreign currency) = 0.5365 Thus, we see that if the inflation of the home currency is more than the inflation of the foreign currency, it will have appositive effect, as there will be an overall increase in value of the home currency. Further, in case the home currencys inflation is lower than the foreign currencys inflation, the overall value of the home currency will decrease. In this way the inflation rates of the countries impacts the overall purchasing capacity of the company (Lin Lee 2016) 3.Post taking into consideration the spot rates of the two given countries namely Australian and Chinese dollar, following are the main factors which impacts these exchange rate- Difference in inflation rates - The inflation rate is one of the major factor which has an impact on the exchange rate amongst different countries. The country, in which there is lower inflation rate will have higher currency value, as the purchasing power of that particular country will increase in comparison to the other countries(Horioka Ford 2017). Difference in rates of interest - All the three rates namely interest rate, inflation rate and exchange rate are related to one other. The central banks in each country influences the rates of interest to exercise pressure over the exchange and inflation rates. If the interest rate is high in particular industry that economy will provide more return to the investor then other economy. This will in turn impact the inflation rates and the exchange rates(Bergin, Glick LinWu 2017) Current-Account Deficits The current account is indicative of the total payment made between the 2 countries in exchange of goods and services bought and sold. In case there is a deficit in the current account balance, it reflects that the economy is not doing well. It reflects that the overall demand for the foreign currency is more then what the company receives through export of goods. This excess demand of the foreign currency will lower the exchange rate of the home currency(Yee Ramirez 2016) Public Debt A large number of countries engages in large amount of foreign borrowings to finance public developments. This large-scale borrowing often affects the balance of trade, which in turn impacts the exchange rate of the given country.(Toulaboe 2017) In the said two countries, we see that the AUD/CNY Exchange Rate is depreciating over the years, that means that one of the currencies is getting strong and one is depreciating, that may be because of the changes in the rate of inflation and the interest rates. The highest was on 29th July 2011 7.567 and the lowest was on 30th September 2015. If the forward rate of any currency is more than the spot rate of that particular currency it reflects that the currency is at forward premium and if the currencys forward rate is less than the currencys spot rate then it is said to be at a discount. In the given case, the forward rate is USD 3.27 and spot rate is USD 3.23, thus the currency is at a forward premium. The main is calculated hereunder- Calculation in annualized percentages of Forward rate Premium or Discount: Premium = (Forward rate - Spot rate) / Spot rate x 12 months N forward rate USD3.27 spot rate USD3.23 N 180 days Premium 0.025111799 4.A currency option is contract in which the buyer has option to buy or sell any definite currency at any specific price, but there is no obligation to do the same. These are widely used options by corporations to hedge against currency risks. The investors can hedge the currency risk, by either buying or selling the options in various ways. The price of currency option is calculated by numerous factors which includes the currencys present spot rate, the rate at which the currencies can be deposited in the banks, and the current level of volatility. The two main terms that is related with the cull option and the put option(Habib, Mileva Stracca 2017) The call option is a contract amongst the two parties that gives buyer a right to buy any commodity or any stock within a particular time. However, there is no obligation to buy the same. The put option gives buyer a right to sell any commodity, stock or bond within a particular time, but there is no obligation to do the same. It helps the investors in allocating their portfolios without any actual buy or sell. It helps them in hedging the currency risks that are associated with foreign exchange transaction. It helps them to get themselves covered in the stock exchange. Thus, options are widely used. It also helps in generating a large amount of revenues because of the covered call strategy. The investor does not only own the underlying security, but it also owning the right to sell the call option and exercise the put option effectively. It helps in getting an exposure for the stock in very less price. The only cost that the investor will bear will be the cost of the contract. Thus, many factors influence the overall pricing policy and the revenue that a contract may earn. Currency options are very volatile in nature and the major drawback that is associated with such options is that there is large-scale speculation involved, which often leads to loss. Hedging is important because there is a lot of uncertainty involved. The currency rates keeps on fluctuating and that causes a large amount of issues. It is therefore important to make use of the currency options in such a manner that it yields maximum return to the investors(Ahlip, Park Prodan 2017) 6.In the given case, each option consists of 50,000 Brazilian Real units. Thus total pay per option will be (50000*(0.41+0.004) = AUD 20700. Total amount that the company needs to pay the MNC is (20700*10= AUD207000) this is because total amount need is R$500,000, and each option consists of 50000 Brazilian real units, there 10 such options will be needed to cover the entire amount. Thus, the company would have to pay to the MNC, AUD 207,000. 7.The total amount needed by the company to buy R$500,000 will be (R$500,000*0.41) = 205000AUD. We will not consider the premium price because it is considered only while we purchase the option. 8.In case the bid is rejected, the company will exercise the bid only if the spot rate is less than the AUD 0.41. In case the spot rate is more than this, then the call cannot be exercised. The breakeven point is at AUD0.41. If the spot rate is AUD0.45, then purchase the currency at the spot rate of AUD0.41 and then sell it a profit in AUD0.45. Because the company is paying a premium of 0.004, then company can earn a profit of 0.396. The formula for profit calculation is, Profit = Spot Rate - (Strike Price + Premium).This is the way in which the company will exercise the call option in case the bid cannot be exercised. In any case, the loss will be the premium paid and the gain can be unlimited(Qi Xie 2016) Conclusion Thus after the entire analysis, it can be said that the concept of purchase power parity holds good more on paper then in real life scenario. The exchange rate ratio is affected by so many factors, thus the assumption that the purchasing price of a particular product will stay same in both the countries does not hold good. There is variety of other factors that is to be taken into consideration.(Brooks, Cuthbertson Mayes 2017) References Ahlip, R, Park, AFL Prodan, A 2017, 'Pricing currency options in the Heston/CIR double exponential jump-diffusion model', International Journal of Financial Engineering, vol 4, no. 1. Bergin, PR, Glick, R LinWu, J 2017, 'Conditional PPP and real exchange rate convergence in the euro area', Journal of International Money and Finance, vol 73, pp. 78-92. Brooks, S, Cuthbertson, K Mayes, DG 2017, The Exchange Rate Environment, Routledge., NewYork. Habib, MM, Mileva, E Stracca, L 2017, 'The real exchange rate and economic growth: Revisiting the case using external instruments', Journal of International Money and Finance, vol 73, pp. 386-398. Horioka, CY Ford, N 2017, 'A possible explanation of the Exchange Rate Disconnect Puzzle: a common solution to three macroeconomic puzzles?', Applied Economics Letters , vol 24, no. 3. Lin, L Lee, CI 2016, 'Central Bank Intervention, Exchange Rate Regime and the Purchasing Power Parity', The World Economy, vol 39, no. 8, pp. 1256-1274. Lothian, JR 2016, 'Purchasing power parity and the behavior of prices and nominal exchange rates across exchange-rate regimes', Journal of International Money and Finance, vol 69, pp. 5-21. Qi, H Xie, AY 2016, 'Cost of capital: spot rate or forward rate?', Applied Economics , vol 48, no. 40, pp. 3804-3811. Toulaboe, D 2017, 'Real exchange rate misalignment of Asian currencies', Asian Pacific Economic Literature, vol 31, no. 1, pp. 39-52. Yee, S Ramirez, DM 2016, 'Purchasing Power Parity: A Time Series Analysis of the U.S. and Mexico, 19952007', International Advances in Economic Research, vol 22, no. 4, pp. 409-419

Samuel Barclay Beckett an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

Samuel Barclay Beckett Samuel Barclay Beckett (12 April 1906 to 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist, and poet. Beckett's work is stark, fundamentally minimalist, and, according to some interpretations, deeply pessimistic about the human condition. The perceived pessimism is mitigated both by a great and often wicked sense of humor and by the sense, for some readers, that Beckett's portrayal of life's obstacles serves to demonstrate that the journey, while difficult, is ultimately worth the effort. Similarly, many posit that Beckett's expressed "pessimism" is not so much for the human condition but for that of an established cultural and societal structure which imposes its stultifying will upon otherwise hopeful individuals; it is the inherent optimism of the human condition. Therefore, that is at tension with the oppressive world. His later work explores his themes in an increasingly cryptic and attenuated style. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969 "for his writing, whichin new forms for the novel and dramain the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation." Need essay sample on "Samuel Barclay Beckett" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Beckett's attempt to capture the process of creation of a text requires the dramatic structure of endless repetitions. The endless repetition in Beckett's plays can be seen as a quest for the true text where a character gropes for his true "self." Repetition is not only a technique in Beckett; it is also a theme, which means that repetition is spoken of repeatedly. This was read in his 1961 novel Comment cest (How It Is), He sings yes always the same song pause SAME SONG, words that echo what the narrator of the story LExpulse (1945, The Expelled) had said of any table he could tell: You will see how alike. Now in this essay, we will critically analyze the implementation of Becketts repetition philosophy that mainly appeared in his following short plays. Students Frequently Tell Us: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay today? Essay writers suggest: Buy Essays Cheap Get Paid To Write Essays For Students Best Essay Writing Service Make Money Writing Papers For Students Play Play was written between 1962 and 1963 and first produced in German as Spiel on June 14, 1963, at the Ulmer Theatre in Ulm-Donau, Germany. The first performance in English was in 1964 at the Old Vic in London. The curtain rises on two women and a man (referred to only as W1, W2, and M), in a row along the front of the stage with their heads sticking out of the tops of large urns, the rest of their bodies unexposed. They remain like this for the play's duration. At the commencement and the conclusion of the play, all three characters speak, in what Beckett terms a "chorus," but in the main, the play is made up of short, sometimes broken sentences spoken by one character at a time. Over the course of the play, it becomes apparent that the man has betrayed Woman #1, or W1, by having an affair with Woman #2. The three characters speak of the affair from their respective points of view on the matter, in an almost contrapuntal manner. Near the end of the script, there is the terse instruct ion: "Repeat play." Beckett elaborates on this in notes, by saying that the repetition might be varied, by changing the intensity of the light, giving a breathless quality to the lines, or even shuffling some of the lines around. At the end of this second repetition, the play appears to start again for the third time but does not get more than a few seconds into it before it suddenly stops. One interpretation of the play is that the three characters are actually in purgatory, where they are confessing their sins - indeed, one of the characters exclaims "I confess" at one point when recalling their illicit relationship. The use of urns to encase the bodies of the three players is thought to symbolise their entrapment inside the demons of their past; the way in which all three urns are described at the start of the play as "touching" each other is often deciphered as symbolising the shared problem which all three characters have endured. The spotlight, which illuminates only the face of those characters who it wishes to speak, is believed to represent God, or a Higher Power of some sort, who is weighing up each character's case to be relieved from the binds of the urn, and having to relive this relationship which has ruined all their lives. What Where What Where is Samuel Beckett's last play. It was written in 1983 in English, and revised over a three year period for separate stage and television productions in French and German. Four characters (Bam, Bom, Bim, and Bem) appear at intervals; all dressed in the same grey gown with the same long grey hair. Bam controls and interrogates the others, sending them off to be tortured (given "the works") to confess to an unnamed crime that he, in turn, places on all of them. A seasonal cycle from spring to winter passes in the course of the play, with Bam repeating the same questions and actions: eventually, Bom, Bim, and Bem have interrogated each other at least once, and the cycle begins again. Bam has an additional manifestation in the Voice of Bam (V), an omnipresent force that directs the proceedings from a "small megaphone at head level." The voice acts something like a "voice of God," and determines things to be positive or negative on a whim. Somewhat elusive in theme although with a definite totalitarian edge, Beckett himself struggled over its meaning: "I don't know what it means. Don't ask me what it means. It's an object". Happy Days Winnie, the main character, is buried up to her waist in a tall mound of sand. She has a bag full of interesting artifacts, including a comb, a toothbrush, toothpaste, lipstick, a nail file, a parasol and a music box. She also has in her bag a revolver, which she strokes and pats lovingly. The harsh ringing of a bell demarcates waking and sleeping hours. The play begins with the ringing of this bell and Winnie's declaration, "Another heavenly day." Winnie is content with her existence: "Ah well, what matters, that's what I always say, it will have been a happy day, after all, another happy day." Her husband Willie lives in a cave behind her, sunk into the back of the mound. Unlike his wife, he can still move, albeit by crawling on all fours. During the course of the first act, he comes out of his hole to read the newspaper and to masturbate, sitting behind the mound with his back to the audience. Despite Winnie's constant chatter and requests that he speak, he says little to nothing quotes from a newspaper, affirmations that he can hear her, the word "fornication," and the explanation that hogs are "castrated male swine, raised for slaughter." Winnie's increasingly restricted movement can be interpreted as many things but is most likely a metaphor for the aging process itself. Throughout the play, she distracts herself from her true condition by both consistent denial and through the toys in her bag and conversation with both an imagined listener and Willie (although the amount that the fourth wall is actually broken can be reasonably controlled by the director). While presented with the option of suicide early in the play, it is not one that she seriously considers, or refuses to overtly reference. In Act 1, she notes that she has the gun because Willie begged that she take it from him out of fear that he would use it, and the play concludes by exploring his mentality further. As he attempts and fails to mount her mound (an overt sexual reference, and one of several throughout the show that hint at Willie's impotence), it is unclear whether he is attempting to reach her for a kiss or the gun in order to make an end. Becau se he cannot climb the slope, we are left with the tableau of two characters who are meant for each other trapped in hellish circumstances and unable to escape. Footfalls Footfalls was written, in English, between March and December 1975 and was first performed at the Royal Court Theatre as part of the Samuel Beckett Festival, on May 20, 1976. Footfalls is about the relationship between a mother and daughter, played by Martha Hill and Barb Lanciers, respectively. That Time is a solo performance featuring Mike Mathieu as a character known only as "Listener." In Becketts Footfalls, we watch an old woman, dressed in a tattered wrap, pacing up and down a track, while a voice off tells us of a young girl who paced with a similar intentness and desperation, and eventually asked her mother to take up the carpet, explaining: the motion alone is not enough. I must hear the feet, however faint they fall. Hearing the feet establishes the young girls sense of being there, in the sensation of the faint impact on the ground and its answering resistance. In Naumans work, the ground is similarly a place of last resort, the lowest common denominator, both a continuous threat and also a place of trust, a generalized securing or orientation of the sense of place. A human body moves between many different experiences of different floors and plots of ground but is nevertheless orientated always just to one ground, just to the ground, spreading, various, but everywhere singular. As the hypostasis, that which lies beneath, or understands all being and beings living on earth, even and especially creatures of the air like birds, and of the midair, like spiders, the ground has its say in every action and experience. The ground is limit itself; the hereness, or present condition that underwrites every elsewhere, the actual of every possibility. It is time thickened and slowed into space, a stay against the passage of time. It is that towards which all movement tends. The dimension of downness or under ness can never be fully in mind, or in view, but is always at work. That Time That Time was written, in English, in 1975 and was first performed at the Royal Court Theatre, as part of the Samuel Beckett Festival, on May 20, 1976. In this play, only thing seen on stage is a face and the only things heard are three voices. The voices, A, B, and C, alternate throughout the play with only two pauses, which consist of the termination of one of the voices' monologues, the listener's eyes opening, one of the voices starting to speak again, and the eyes closing. The distinctions between voices are not always clear because some of the text is the same and some images are common among them, such as a stone or slab which the speaker sits upon or remembers sitting upon. The voices seem to represent the same person at different points in his life: voice A in middle age trying to remember his childhood, voice B in childhood, and voice C presumably in old age (Acheson and Arthur 121-126). The play is entirely lacking in punctuation, and because of this and the switches from voice to voice, the meanings of the narratives given by each voice are ambiguous. The text of the play is difficult to read and understand due to the style in which it was written and the organization, and similarly, the end does not seem to conclude the play: the eyes open after the voices stop, and 5 seconds later, the face smiles. After rereading the text, themes and images are easier to pick up, and different meanings can be found. Conclusion Beckett's hero is a Sisyphusean type of man waiting for the fulfillment of his fate, which seems to be eternal through his suffering and hoping. He is alienated from the world, which is unknown, remote, and indifferent, and from which he is isolated by the walls of his self. The conflict between two different substances - the world and the human subject, leads to the feelings of Absurdity and to fundamental existential questions about the meaning of human life in a world where he lives as a stranger. We find the whole greatness of Beckett's absurd man in his intractability with which he continually fills up his precarious fate, and although his suffering increases as time stop he does not live without hope and joy in life. References: Cronin, Anthony. Samuel Beckett: The Last Modernist. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997. Bair, Deirdre. Samuel Beckett: A Biography. Vintage/Ebury, 1978. ISBN 0-09-80070-5. Understanding Samuel Beckett By Alan Astro, Published 1990 Univ of South Carolina, Press, ISBN 0872496864 Burnt Piano, by Justin Fleming, Xlibris, 2004 (Coup d'Etat & Other Plays) Knowlson, James. Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett. New York: Grove Press, 1996. Mercier, Vivian. Beckett/Beckett. Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-19-281269-6

Daniel Hale Williams, Heart Surgery Pioneer

Daniel Hale Williams, Heart Surgery Pioneer American physician Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856- August 4, 1931), a pioneer in the field of medicine, was the first African American to perform successful open heart surgery. Dr. Williams also founded Chicagos Provident Hospital and co-founded the National Medical Association. Fast Facts: Dr. Daniel Hale Williams Full Name: Daniel Hale Williams, IIIBorn: January 18, 1856 in Hollidaysburg, PennsylvaniaDied: August 4, 1931 in Idlewild, MichiganParents: Daniel Hale Williams, II and Sarah Price WilliamsSpouse: Alice Johnson (m. 1898-1924)Education: M.D. from Chicago Medical College (now Northwestern University Medical School)Key Accomplishments: First African American to perform successful open heart surgery, founder of Provident Hospital (the first  black owned and operated interracial hospital in the U.S.), and co-founder of the National Medical Association. Early Years Daniel Hale Williams, III, was born on January 18, 1856 to Daniel Hale and Sarah Price Williams in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. His father was a barber and the family, including Daniel and his six siblings, moved to Annapolis, Maryland, when Daniel was a young boy. Shortly after the move, his father died from tuberculosis and his mother moved the family to Baltimore, Maryland. Daniel became a shoemakers apprentice for a while and later moved to Wisconsin, where he became a barber. After graduating from high school, Daniel grew interested in medicine and served as an apprentice to a well known local surgeon, Dr. Henry Palmer. This apprenticeship lasted two years, and then Daniel was accepted to the Chicago Medical College, affiliated with Northwestern University. He graduated in 1883 with an M.D. degree. Career and Accomplishments Dr. Daniel Hale Williams began practicing medicine and surgery at Chicagos South Side Dispensary. He was also the first African American anatomy instructor at Chicago Medical College, where he taught notable future physicians such as Mayo Clinics co-founder Charles Mayo. By 1889, other notable appointments for Dr. Williams included the City Railway Company, the Protestant Orphan Asylum, and the Illinois State Board of Health. These were very unique accomplishments for the time, considering that there were very few black doctors at this point in African American history. Dr. Williams gained a reputation as a highly skilled surgeon whose practice included treatment for all patients, regardless of race. This was life-saving for African Americans at the time because they were not allowed admittance to hospitals. African American doctors were not allowed on staff in hospitals either. In 1890, a friend of Dr. Williams asked him for help as his sister was being denied entrance into nursing school because she was black. In 1891, Dr. Williams founded the Provident Hospital and Nursing Training School. This was the first  black owned and operated interracial hospital in the U.S. and served as a training ground for nurses and African American doctors. First Open Heart Surgery In 1893, Dr. Williams gained notoriety for successfully treating a man, James Cornish, with stab wounds to the heart. Although physicians at the time were aware of the revolutionary works of Louis Pastuer and Joseph Lister in relation to germs and medical surgery, open heart surgery was generally avoided due to the high risk of infection and subsequent death. Williams had no access to X-rays, antibiotics, anesthetics, blood transfusions, or modern equipment. Employing Listers antiseptic technique, he performed the surgery suturing the pericardium (protective lining) of the heart. This would be the first successful heart surgery performed by an African American and second by an American doctor. In 1891, Henry C. Dalton had surgically repaired a pericardial wound of the heart on a patient in St. Louis. Later Years In 1894, Dr. Williams obtained the position of surgeon-in-chief at Freedmens Hospital in Washington, D.C. This hospital served the needs of the poor and newly freed slaves after the Civil War. In four years, Williams transformed the hospital, making dramatic improvements in the admission of surgical cases and drastically reducing the hospitals mortality rate. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams succeeded in the face of discrimination his entire life. In 1895, he co-founded the National Medical Association in response to the American Medical Associations denial of membership to blacks. The National Medical Association became the only national professional organization available for black physicians. In 1898, Williams resigned from Freedmens Hospital and married Alice Johnson, daughter of sculptor Moses Jacob Ezekiel. The newlyweds returned to Chicago, where Williams became chief of surgery at Provident Hospital. Death and Legacy After resigning from his position at Provident Hospital in 1912, Williams was appointed staff surgeon at St. Lukes Hospital in Chicago. Among his many honors, he was named the American College of Surgeons first black fellow. He remained at St. Lukes Hospital until suffering a stroke in 1926. Upon his retirement, Williams spent his remaining days in Idlewild, Michigan, where he died on August 4, 1931. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams would leave a legacy of greatness in the face of discrimination. He demonstrated that African Americans are no less intelligent or valuable than any other Americans. He saved many lives by establishing Provident Hospital and provided proficient medical care, and he also helped train a new generation of African American physicians and nurses. Sources Daniel Hale Willaims : Alumni Exhibit. Walter Dill Scott, University Archives, Northwestern University Library, Northwestern University Archives (NUL), exhibits.library.northwestern.edu/archives/exhibits/alumni/williams.html.Daniel Hale Williams. Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 19 Jan. 2018, www.biography.com/people/daniel-hale-williams-9532269.History - Dr. Daniel Hale Williams. The Provident Foundation, www.providentfoundation.org/index.php/history/history-dr-daniel-hale-williams.Nations Second Open-Heart Surgery Performed In Chicago 119 Years Ago. The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 10 July 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/09/daniel-hale-williams-perf_n_1659949.html.

Get 10 Interesting Facts About Oxygen

Get 10 Interesting Facts About Oxygen Oxygen is one of the best-known gases on the planet, largely because it is so important for our physical survival. It is a crucial part of Earths atmosphere and hydrosphere, its used for medical purposes, and it has a profound effect on plants, animals, and metals. Facts About Oxygen Oxygen is atomic number 8 with the element symbol O. It was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1773, but he did not publish his work immediately, so credit is often given to Joseph Priestly in 1774.  Here are 10 interesting facts about the element oxygen. Animals and plants require oxygen for respiration. Plant photosynthesis drives the oxygen cycle, maintaining it around 21% in air.  While the gas is essential for life, too much of it can be toxic or lethal. Symptoms of oxygen poisoning include vision loss, coughing, muscle twitching, and seizures.  At normal pressure, oxygen poisoning occurs when the gas exceeds 50%.Oxygen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.  Its usually purified by  fractional distillation of liquefied air, but the element is found in many compounds, such as water, silica, and carbon dioxide.Liquid and solid oxygen is pale blue.  At lower temperatures and higher pressures, oxygen changes its appearance from blue monoclinic crystals to orange, red, black, and even a metallic appearance.Oxygen is a nonmetal.  It has low thermal and electrical conductivity, but high electronegativity and ionization energy. The solid form is brittle rather than malleable or ductile. The atoms readily gain electrons a nd form covalent chemical bonds. Oxygen gas normally is the divalent molecule O2. Ozone, O3, is another form of pure oxygen.  Atomic oxygen, which is also called singlet oxygen does occur in nature, although the ion readily bonds to other elements. Singlet oxygen may be found in the upper atmosphere. A single atom of oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2.Oxygen supports combustion.  However, it is not truly flammable!  It is considered an oxidizer. Bubbles of pure oxygen dont burn.Oxygen is paramagnetic, which means it is weakly attracted to a magnet but doesnt retain permanent magnetism.Approximately 2/3 of the mass of the human body is oxygen. This makes it the most abundant element, by mass, in the body.  Much of that oxygen is part of water, H2O. Although there are more hydrogen atoms in the body than oxygen atoms, they account for significantly less mass. Oxygen is also the most abundant element in the Earths crust (about 47% by mass) and the third most common element in the Universe. As stars bu rn hydrogen and helium, oxygen becomes more abundant. Excited oxygen is responsible for the bright red, green, and yellow-green colors of the aurora. Its the molecule of primary importance, as far as generating bright and colorful auroras.Oxygen was the atomic weight standard for the other elements until 1961 when it was replaced by carbon 12. Oxygen made a good choice for the standard before much was known about isotopes because although there are 3 natural isotopes of oxygen, most of it is oxygen-16. This is why the atomic weight of oxygen (15.9994) is so close to 16. About 99.76% of oxygen is oxygen-16.

Are immigrants valuable contributors to life in California or are they Essay

Are immigrants valuable contributors to life in California or are they not - Essay Example Immigrants are valuable contributors to life in California since they are vital in sustaining the economic prosperity of California through their labor supply and payment of taxes to the government (Bohn, 2005). Highly skilled immigrants have spearheaded California’s innovation economy as evidenced by companies such as Google and Qualcomm. The immigrants are more likely to establish businesses and create demand for the manufactured goods thus contributing to the economic life in California (Portes and Rumbaut, 2006). The immigrants have changed the ethnic and cultural composition of California population since Latinos and African Americans form a substantial part of Californian population. Immigrants are valuable contributors to economic, social and cultural life in California. Immigrants are valuable contributors to Californian economy since they have played a critical role in California economy for the last two centuries. About a third of immigrants are likely to start businesses and immigrants’ businesses account for about 5 million jobs across the US (Bohn, 2005). According to statistics, 36.6 percent of businesses in California were owned by immigrants and immigrant business owners contributed about 30 percent of the net business income in California. In addition, highly skilled immigrants have spearheaded innovations since 52 percent of the technological start-ups in Silicon Valley have at least one immigrant founder while global companies like Google and Yahoo are attributed to immigrants (Portes and Rumbaut, 2006). The immigrants contribute $ 30 billion in federal taxes and $ 5.2 billion in state income taxes. The purchasing power of immigrants is estimated at $ 310.5 billion. The immigrants have boosted earnings for Californian workers since more than half of the immigrants have a college degree (Portes and Rumbaut, 2006). Immigrants represent a

Analyse and Critically evaluate Human Factors when applied to a Case Essay

Analyse and Critically evaluate Human Factors when applied to a Case Study - Essay Example It was during September 11, 2001 a major catastrophe took place at the World Trade Center. The American Airlines Flight 587 collide also took place after two months of this assault. Various aspects such as the date, airline, location, eyewitness and time along with the aircraft size made people sceptic of the fact that the crash was another terrorist attempt. As per the Northeast Intelligence Network, Al-Qaeda listed that the crash was among one of its successes. Furthermore, the Canadian activist who was collaborating with authorities recommended that the fact that shoe bomb was used for causing such attack. However, National Transportation Safety Board officially did not announce the cause to be a terrorist activity (DailyMail, 2011). It was further noted that the plane’s vertical stabilizer as well as wheels separated during the flight. It fell into Jamaica Bay. The engines of the plane also separated during the flight. It fell various blocks north as well as east of the main wreckage location. It was because of the post crash fire that destroyed the plane completely. The A300-600 took off soon after the Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400 took off from the same runway. The first officer tried to maintain the plane standing with alternating belligerent rudder inputs. The strength of air was generally against the rudder that pressurised the vertical stabiliser and hence broke it off completely because of which the plane lost its control and crashed. According to the National Transportation Safety Board the huge stress upon the rudder was because of the first officer’s needless as well as unnecessary rudder input. It was not because of the wake turbulence led by 747. NTSB also stated the fact that first of ficer’s attempt at deterring to make use of additional inputs would have assisted in making the aircraft stabilised. The way in which the vertical stabiliser detached bothered investigators. According to

Feminist Therapy and Post-modern Approaches Essay Example for Free

Feminist Therapy and Post-modern Approaches Essay Feminist therapy (FT) arose in the 1960s as a result of women’s increasing awareness that discrimination resides in the way traditional psychology views female mental health. It was an attempt to enhance women’s autonomy and it was based on the integration of psychology and feminist theory. According to this theory, women form their identity through a perspective of constantly providing care for others at the expense of their own free will and initiative. This view represents the traditional gender role, which is not biologically determined but rather socially derived. FT emphasizes the principle of equality in all aspects’ of human experience. Its major tenet is that psychological difficulties arise from political and social causes, namely discriminative attitudes not only towards females but also towards ethnic, cultural, religious and sexual minorities (Landrine, 1995 Worell, 1997). FT attempts to provide care through a novel perspective which respects the patient’s wishes and needs instead of rigidly meeting societal expectations according to existing racial and sexist stereotypes. The client holds a central place in the treatment setting, and is encouraged to take initiative and guide the therapeutic process. The therapist is not viewed as an authority but as an equal partner, whose task is to educate and empower the patient. Therapists aim at demystifying the process of therapy in order to enhance clients’ sense of power and self-efficacy. In addition, they are particularly careful at avoiding power display in the therapy setting and may frequently use self-disclosure to restore equality and reciprocity in the therapeutic relationship (Worell, 1997). FT supports the idea that the client knows better than anyone what is best for him/her. Its main aim is to increase people’s awareness of internalized stereotypes and replace them with more realistic beliefs, to elaborate on issues of control and power and how they affect human experience and to enhance independent decision-making. Apart from gaining self-awareness and free choice, clients are also encouraged to actively participate in political and social groups, given that personal experiences are considered deeply political and personal evolution can arise only through social change (Landrine, 1995 Worell, 1997). The vast majority of feminist therapists and clients are women. However, it is a theory that hopes to address issues concerning both genders, ignoring any societal and cultural bias. The principles of FT are fruitfully applied in the field of physical and sexual abuse, eating disorders, body image distortions and issues of somatic health and reproduction. Commonly used techniques include gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention, bibliotherapy, assertiveness training and self-disclosure (Landrine 1995, Worell, 1997). FT has provided new insights on managing mental health issues through a social and cultural perspective. It has fought prejudice in the practice of psychology, by adopting an egalitarian approach, regardless of gender, race, religious affiliation or sexual orientation and it has focused on the clients’ individual needs, strengths and wishes. The therapeutic context enhances collaboration and reciprocity and individuals are encouraged to become active members of their society in order to produce change. However, when placing too much value on cultural and social causes of mental disorders, there is the risk of ignoring the significance of personal factors and intrapsychic phenomena. When all psychological difficulties are considered to stem from the abuse of power and the effect of social prejudice and discrimination, then the individual fails to assume responsibility for his/her experience. In this way, true personal evolution may be sacrificed for the sake of social activism. In addition, the collaborative nature of the therapeutic process and the misuse of self-disclosure by feminist therapists may abolish professional and ethical boundaries and further damage the clients’ fragile psyche. Finally, this approach may prove extremely frustrating for people and cultures that place great emphasis on traditional societal roles. Post-modern Approaches Post-modern Approaches (PMA) evolved through the influence of post-modernism on the theory and practice of psychotherapy. Traditionally, philosophy and science have been dedicated to the conquest of the absolute truth. Post-modernism suggests that there is no such thing as objectivity and reality is constructed through language. In this view, mental illness is considered a social construct, originating from the dominating societal tendency to dichotomize and label all aspects of human experience (Boston, 2000). PMA, which include Solution-Focused Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and Social Constructionism, are client-centered. The therapist’s role is not to provide authority-driven solutions but to help the client develop a new communication and new interpretation of his/her experience. Contrary to traditional psychotherapeutic views, they do not focus on symptoms and their historical context but on the present and on clients’ strengths and wishes. Post-modern theories place great value on language as a way of creating reality and consequently as a tool to produce change (Boston, 2000 Walker, 2006). For example, in Solution-Focused Therapy, clients are encouraged to discuss goals for change and means by which this change can be achieved (Gingerich, 2000 Lethem, 2002). Likewise, in Narrative Therapy the explicit description of the presenting problem allows the client to see his/her difficulties as a matter of personal and societal interpretation, distinct from his self-identity, thus contributing to the formulation of a less dysfunctional narrative (Boston, 2000). Post-modern Therapy is based on the individual’s existing strengths and resources. It frequently uses the technique of exceptions by urging clients to contemplate on paradigms where their difficulties were not so prominent. In this way, it empowers clients and provides them with a glance to future change. Another common technique is coping questioning which reveals effective coping strategies already used by the client, when faced with his/her current problems. Problem-free discussion is also used to address non-problematic domains of the client’s experience and enhance his/her sense of self-efficacy and confidence (Gingerich, 2000 Lethem, 2002). PMA have been successfully used in eating disorders, substance abuse and relationships problems. Psychiatric patients, couples, youth and criminal offenders have benefit from their application. Their techniques, which focus on the person and not the diagnostic label, may enhance the therapeutic alliance and the development of empathy, both associated with better therapy outcomes (Lethem, 2002). Social Constructionism which suggests that mental illness is a social construct, a product of medical terminology, has contributed to fighting discrimination and stigma. However, it entails the risk of devaluating all achievements in the field of psychiatric research. In addition, the abolishment of the therapist’s authority may for some individuals produce a sense of insecurity and confusion. Finally, another major disadvantage is that the efficacy of Post-modern Therapy is hard to be scientifically evaluated. Both FT and PMA have challenged traditional views including the classical Christian axioms (Arlandson, 2010). Nevertheless, their emphasis on equality, empowerment hope and motivation for change, seems to be in agreement with the spirit of the Bible’s teachings. To my opinion, counsellors should take into consideration their clients’ needs, strengths and aspirations as both FT and PMA dictate. To be effective, the counselling process must focus on the present and the future instead of trying to unravel mysteries of the distal past. Although most clients come to therapy with certain difficulties, a significant therapeutic force regardless of the counsellor’s theoretical background is the development of an empathetic alliance which can provide a sense of self-efficacy to the client and hope for the future. References Landrine, H. (1995). Bringing cultural diversity to feminist psychology: Theory, research, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Worell, J. , Johnson, N. G. (Eds. ). (1997). Shaping the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Boston, P. (2000). Systemic family therapy and the influence of post-modernism. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 6, 450-457. Walker, M. T. (2006). The Social Construction of Mental Illness and its Implications for the Recovery Model. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 10 (1), 71-87 Lethem, J (2002). Brief Solution Focused Therapy. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7(4), 189-192. Gingerich, W. J. Eisengart, S, (2000). Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Review of the Outcome Research. Family Process, 39(4), 477-498. Arlandson, J. (2010). Postmodernism and the Bible: Introduction. The American Thinker, 2010.

law :: essays research papers

asdfadsfDave: Bad Doctor Obtained from: Kids in the Hall FAQ Dave: Wanna know something? I'm a bad doctor. I'm not boasting. I mean, who would? Just stating a fact that I've never really gotten the hang of the whole healing-the-sick thing. And don't interpret this as some sort of false modesty, please its not, its not like I’m weak in some areas. No, I'm homogeneously unqualified to practice medicine in any capacity. I *really* don't have a clue. And no one could be more shocked than me that I've been allowed to rise to a position of such importance and responsibility. I guess it all started in high school where I was a very bad science student. One day when we were supposed to be dissecting a frog, I accidentally disassembled my desk. Oh, but, you know, I was a popular kid. You know, the other students were always eager to help me out. So you know, during a test whenever I'd get that *confused* look on my face - which was invariably - well, the cheat notes would just start flying! Even the teachers would start whispering answers, you know, *ahem* mitochondria... But I didn't worry about it. I figured, how far could you coast on charm? Well, pretty far, actually! They just offered me the job of Chief of Surgery. Apparently, I've logged more hours in surgery than any other man my age. Four thousand hours this year alone. What no one seems to have noticed that it was all with the same patient. Oh I wanna show†¦. Oh, I want to show you something. You know what this is? Urine. Another man's urine, aonther man’s urine. I ask for it, and they give it to me! I don't know what to do with it! I've got a fridge full of this stuff. I mean, I suppose I could send it out to the lab, but they'd only send back a lot of test results that I couldn't possibly understand. The only thing I'm actually sorta good at is referrals. You know that thing where doctors send patients to other doctors. Well, I'm the king of referrals. What I do is I call the, uh, the sick person into my office, and I stare for a long time really seriously at this blank sheet of paper.

Learning foreign language Essay

Over the past two decades, countries in the world have become more and more interdependent and new technologies have erased many existing borders. So, learning English is very importance to economic development, Academic benefit to students, cultural understanding, expand relationships, and get better job. Learning Foreign Language Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Learning Foreign Language help learner have change to get better life. Learner can extend knowledge about many cultural in the world, get more relationships and good job. II. Economic development III. Academic benefits to student IV. Cultural understanding V. Expand relationships VI. Get better job VII. Conclusion Learning Foreign Language The Cause of Learning English Learning English is very important. English is a language which is spoken and understood by many people in most countries of the world. It is, in fact the most important means of communication among the various countries of the world. Knowledge of new discover ies and inventions in one country is transmitted to other countries through English for the benefit of the world. In this way English help to spread knowledge and progress. Learning English to economic development. To be competitive on a global scale, the business world of tomorrow needs individuals who can work in a culturally diverse environment and who have strong skills in a foreign language. Especially, is English. Additionally, many businesses are looking for people who are proficient in speak English. Such skills are needed in service industries (hotel, tourism, food); publishers and entertainment industries (films, radio, and sound production); corporate offices with overseas accounts; and also in other areas such as medicine, law, business, journalism, and more general government work. Knowing English provides a competitive edge in career choices in today’s and tomorrow’s world. The study of English affects academic areas as well. Research has shown that children who have studied English in elementary school achieve higher scores on standardized tests in reading, language arts, and mathematics than those who have not (Masciantonio, Rafferty). The results of the Louisiana Report on foreign language and basic skills (Rafferty) show that regardless of their race, sex, or academic level, students in English classes outperformed those who were not taking English. Learning English has also been shown to enhance listening skills and memory, and the development of second language skills can contribute a significant additional dimension to the concept of Learning Foreign Language communication. Furthermore, students who have studied English develop greater cognitive skills in such areas as mental flexibility, creativity, divergent thinking and higher order thinking skills (Foster and Reeves; Landry; Rafferty; Ginsburg and McCoy). Data from the Admissions Testing Program of the College Board show a positive correlation between SAT scores and the study of English. Verbal scores of students increased with each additional year of language study. Interestingly, the verbal scores of students who had taken four or five years of English were higher than the verbal scores of  students who had taken four or five years of any other subjects. Learning English to research and study about culture in the world. And due to the fact that you can be entertainment and learn about people, cultures in the world. Initial, that is traveling. Tourist places in the world is the dream, which is the joy of so many people, but the realization that the dream requires you to have many money and should also have a little others language anymore. Learning a language is to receive knowledge and, culture, cuisine, popular tourist destinations of the country †¦if you come to a place where you are completely ignorant of the native people, you will feel extremely helpless and lost yourself and it was rescheduled travel plan by just as much to cover costs . So try to learn a foreign language it is the lowest ticket prices for the cross-country trip. Cast, because of assess about literature, music and film in the world. All great work of literature and artistry in the world are written by many others language. One translation is never impact all the meaning and original of the author. Reading by the languages of authors is the best way to experience the writings. Like that, when you read their original forms of general theatre, music, film their values will be kept full. Primarily, a language enhance your understanding of the country and its culture. Henri Delacroix, painter and French Learning Foreign Language filmmaker said: â€Å"The whole experience of individuals is formed based on the language of the plan. â€Å"Knowing a language is a chance for you to see yourself and your country’s culture from outside. When contact with others languages, meaning that you have linked to a culture, customs and traditions and others. This gives you a good overview, complete and more objective about people, about life. â€Å"Language embodies the world view of a culture and is unique to the culture that created it. It reflects values and concepts that are deemed to be the most important by a culture. A language describes the culture it comes from.† (Noam Chomsky) â€Å"I wish life was not so short,† he thought. â€Å"Languages take such a time, and so do all the things one wants to know about.† J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973), English Professor & author of the â€Å"Hobbit† & â€Å"Lord of the Rings† Learning English to expand relationships people. They learn English and they may have many friends. Knowing a new language will help you to increase the number of friends in the world. In a new environment where have English, you can communicate, learn, get acquainted or exchange, to share with the locals or international students. Possibly, you can easily express their views or concerns about their problems and people do not have any difficulty to understand what you say and you think. You have many friends, so you will extend the view of communicating. Another language will be vent your feelings, and help you understand how other people think. Some people want to learn English to insult people without them understanding what you are say. In addition to, Language influences culture, so learning a language helps you to understand how other people think, and it also helps you to get a general understanding of our world and the many people and cultures that inhabit it. If you and some of your relatives, friends Learning Foreign Language or colleagues speak a language that few people understand, you can talk freely in public without fear of anyone eavesdropping, and you can keep any written material secret. And you can use native language to talk about secret communications. â€Å"Language is not a genetic gift, it is a social gift. Learning a new language is becoming a member of the club -the community of speakers of that language.† Frank Smith. English is not only the main language of business, but also the main language of social interaction. Although most countries have their own language, English is the one language that unites the entire world. Knowing English is the most important step towards becoming a global citizen – a person that can live anywhere, thrive anywhere, and speak to anyone. Would it not be amazing to overcome all communication barriers and be able to exchange thoughts and ideas with someone your age, or from your field of work, from say any native language? Forming lasting relationships, not only for business, but also for friendship or for love and globalization. If you want to joy in a social oganization like non-governmental oganization or charity oganization..  English is necessary. If you want to joy in social network like face book, twitter, email†¦ English is necessary. Learning English to get better job. Learning English is a good opportunity for those looking to advance their career. Whether you are currently employed or if you will be entering the workforce, learning English can improve your chances for getting a job and can also lead to career advancement for those of you already employed. Another perk to learning English is that you can use these skills to work abroad in other English speaking countries. In today’s world of multinational corporations, individuals from all around the world need to communicate and understand one another. In most companies, English is the primary means of communication. Because of this, many companies look to employ individuals who can speak one or more languages. Learning Foreign Language Whether you become fluent or bilingual in English, this may mean job security and more rewarding opportunities. There is no doubt that learning English is an advantage in today’s international society giving you the ability to communicate and do business all around the world! No matter what industry you are in, learning English for work will provide you with unlimited possibilities. In conclusion, if education is a means to prepare students for the complicated world they inhabit, then the educational system cannot deprive students of a general education in the area of foreign language. The value of such an education not only lies in job preparation but also in developing an understanding of other people and cultures. So, learning English is very important for everybody. Learning Foreign Language REFERENCES Chugani, H. (1993). â€Å"Reshaping Brain for Better Future.† As quoted in Chicago Tribune, April 15. Cohen, P. (1995). â€Å"Understanding the Brain.† Education Update. ASCD. Cooper, T. (1987). â€Å"Foreign Language Study and SAT Verbal Scores.† Modern Language Journal 71, pp. 381-387. Gingsburg, H. and McC oy, I. (1981). â€Å"An Empirical Rationale for Foreign Language in Elementary Schools.†Modern Language Journal 65, pp. 36-42. Hirsch, J. Quoted in Winslow, R. (1997). â€Å"How Language Is Stored in Brain Depends on Age.† Wall Street Journal, July 10. Krashen S. and M. Long et al. (1982). Child-Adult Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House. Olsen, S. A. and L.K. Brown (1992). â€Å"The Relation Between High School Study of Foreign Languages and ACT English and Mathematics Performance.† ADFL Bulletin 23, No. 3. Rafferty, E. A. (1986). Second Language Study and Basic Skills in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Department of Education. By : group 4 1. Tran Thi Thuy Hang 2. Nguyen Thi Hoa 3. Nguyen Thi Kieu Oanh 4. Lieu Thi Thuy 5. Tran Thi Hoai Thu 6. Le Thi Anh Tuyet 7. Hoang Thi Minh Phuong

Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection

IntroductionThe early stages of vision fixing distinguish includes in images that are important to measuring the construction and belongingss of points in a scene. Edges are one such highlighted characteristics. Edges are notable nearby alterations in the image and are indispensable high spots for look intoing images. Edges normally occurs between two distinguishable boundary in a image. Edge location is much of the clip the initial stage in retrieving informations from images or images. Because of its significance, border find keeps on being a dynamic geographic expedition zone. Edge find refers to the process of distinguishing and happening crisp discontinuities in a image. The discontinuities are sudden alterations in pel power which characterize the bounds of objects in a scene. The indispensable border find system is to concentrate the degree of fluctuation between diverse pels by put to deathing edge-location operators for every small matrix country.Edges obtained from non-triv ial images are often hampered by discontinuity, connoting that the border decompression sicknesss are non associated, losing border subdivisions and false borders non associating to intriguing phenomena in the image, therefore perplexing the attendant undertaking of interpreting the image information. Edge location is one of the cardinal paces in image or image handling, image scrutiny, image design recognition, and PC vision systems. In Digital Image Processing there are typical schemes for border location like First Order Derivative ( gradiant method ) , Second-Order Derivative and Optimal Edge Detection to separate the border. The gradiant methods are utilised for image ascent or to better the inside informations shown in the image and these derivative operations can be utilized for location of borders present in the image.In our proposed work, Sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic is utilised to place borders of a given image. The pick o f Sobel border sensor algorithm is propelled by the echt actuality that it consolidates each border location moreover goes about as smoothing decision maker belongings.Fuzzy image processing is the assemblage of all methodological analysiss that comprehend, speak to and treat the images, their fragments and high spots as fuzzed sets. The representation and fixing rely on upon the fuzzed method and on the issue to be tackled. Fluzzy sets, so, are competent to bespeak imprecise constructs.1.1 LITERATURE SURVEYTo transport out any undertaking work it is really indispensable to understand the current scenario and the engineering virtues and demerits of the subject. In this context, literature study has been carried out to explicate the job and to take the aims of the undertaking work.Different border sensing techniques have been studied from the paper [ 1 ] .The writer G.T. Shrivakshan presents virtues and demerits of different border sensing methods like Sobel, Prewitt and Robert’s, Canny operator. From this treatment it is apparent that sobel border sensor is advantageous than other techniques. The execution of sobel border sensor in Xilinx is presented by writer Ravi.S et.al [ 2 ] . FPGA based design and execution of country efficient Sobel Edge sensing filter is presented utilizing a combination of hardware and package constituents Rajesh Mehra et.al [ 3 ] and in this paper pipelined method is used to implement the border sensing filter. This attack is utile to better the system public presentation. The execution of Sobel border sensor is presented by writers R. Vincent et.al [ 4 ] . Here a brace of3Ten3whirl masks is used, one gauging gradient in the x-direction and the other gauging gradient inY–direction in Matlab. And states that Sobel sensor is improbably sensitive to resound in images, it efficaciously highlights them as borders. Hence, Sobel operator is recommended in monolithic informations communicating found in informations transportation. The writers Kiranpreet Kaur et.al [ 5 ] studies the execution of fuzzy border sensing in MATLAB environment to observe the borders of an input image by scanning it throughout utilizing a 2X2 pel window. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Canny’ , ‘Sobel’ , ‘Prewit’ and ‘Roberts’ . The fuzzy regulation based image processing algorithm for observing the borders in the image, based on the alterations in the grey values is presented by writers C. Kavitha et.al [ 6 ] . Gray values of the image are taken as the input of the fuzzy system and a floating mask of 3Ãâ€"3 is applied on the image to observe border pel utilizing the preset fuzzy regulations. The execution of fuzzed logic to observe the borders in MATLAB is presented by writers Er.Mandeep Singh Sandhu et.al [ 7 ] .Edges are detected in horizontal, perpendicular and in diagonal waies utilizing 5X5 pel window. And it besides presents different advantages and disadvantages of fuzzed logic. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Sobel’ and ‘Roberts’ . 1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION From the literature study it has been observed that there are issues of false border find, losing genuine borders, making slender or thick lines and issues because of noise and so on. So fuzzed logic has been used for minor border sensing in the image and besides fuzzed logic algorithm helps to get the better of the false border detected by the sobel border operator.The MATLAB executing of typical border locater has been done before nevertheless from literature study it has been observed that there is drawback of immense computation clip. So to suppress the issue the proposed algorithm is implemented in XILINX.1.3 AimThe chief aims of the undertaking work that are to be carried out are as followsTo plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab.To plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Xilinx.To cipher the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enha nced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic.To cipher the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm.1.4MethodologyLiterature Survey to be carried out on border sensor algorithm in Xilinx. Survey includes surveies on different border sensing techniques and different algorithms.To develop the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab and Xilinx.Using Xilinx package calculates the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm to be implemented.Comparing the border images of Sobel and implemented enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic.Calculating the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic.1.5 TOOLS REQUIRED1.5.1 Software Requirementsi‚ · Matlab ( 7.10 )Xilinx1.5.2 Hardware RequirementSpartan 3E1.6ApplicationsUsed in satellite images edge sensing. Satellite images consist of many char acteristics and objects with different forms and size. Edge sensing helps to pull out utilize full information.Used in medical images edge sensing for object acknowledgment of the human variety meats.Grape leaf disease sensing and analysis.Bettering image quality.Egg shell defects sensing on white eggs.1.7 ADVANTAGESAn advantage of using a bigger size sobel mask is that the mistake because of the impacts of noise are decreased by vicinity averaging inside of the country of the mask.An favourable place of using a mask of uneven size is that the operators are focused and hence can supply an rating that is based on Centre pel.Fuzzy techniques can cover with the ambiguity and vagueness proficiently.Fuzzy logic is tolerant of unsure informations.1.8 DISADVANTAGESMinor strength fluctuations in grey scale images can non be detected utilizing sobel operators.Sobel operator detects false borders along with true borders.1.9 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT This study consists of 5 chapters and mentions. Chapter 1:Presents the Introduction, Literature study, Problem preparation, Objectives, Tools required, Methodology, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages and eventually the Project study organisation. Chapter 2:Provides brief theory about the undertaking. Chapter 3:Presents the inside informations about execution of sobel operator in matlab. Chapter 4:Provides the consequences and treatments of undertaking. Chapter 5:Provides the decisions and future work about the undertaking. Mentions:Provides sufficient mentions relevant to the undertaking for easy apprehension of the capable affair and some of the beginnings used in development.

The Definition of a C Algorithm

The Definition of a C Algorithm In general, an algorithm is a description of a procedure that terminates with a result. For example, the factorial of a number x is x multiplied by x-1 multiplied by x-2 and so on until it is multiplied by 1. The factorial of 6 is 6! 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1720. This is an algorithm that follows a set procedure and terminates in a result. In computer science and programming, an algorithm is a set of steps used by a program to accomplish a task. Once you learn about algorithms in C, you can use them in your programming to save yourself time and to make your programs run faster. New algorithms are being designed all the time, but you can start with the algorithms that have proven to be reliable in the C programming language. Algorithms in C In C, the designation identifies a group of functions that run on a designated range of elements. The algorithms are used to solve problems or provide functionality. Algorithms work exclusively on values; they dont affect the size or storage of a container. Simple algorithms can be implemented within a  function. Complex algorithms might require several functions or even a class to implement them. Classifications and Examples of Algorithms in C Some algorithms in C, such as find-if, search, and count are sequence operations that dont make changes, while remove, reverse, and replace are algorithms that modify operations. The classifications of algorithms with a few examples are: Non-modifying sequence modifications (find-if, equal, all_of)Modifying sequence operations (copy, remove, transform)Sorting (sort, partial sort, nth_element)Binary Search (lower_bound, upper_bound)Partitions (partition, partition_copy)Merge (includes, set_intersection, merge)Heap (make_heap, push_heap)  Min/max (min, max,min_element)   A list of the most common C algorithms and example code for many of them are available online in C documentation and on user websites.

How to Ask for a Paper Extension in College

How to Ask for a Paper Extension in College The deadline for your college paper is fast approaching perhaps a little too fast.  You need to turn it in a little late, but you dont know how to ask for a paper extension in college. Follow these simple steps and give yourself the best shot possible. Try to ask for the extension in person. This may be impossible if you realize you need an extension at 2:00 a.m. on the morning the paper is due or if youre sick. However, asking your professor or teaching assistant for an extension in person is the best way to go. You can have more of a conversation about your situation than if you just left an email or voice mail message. If you cant meet in person, send an email or leave a voice mail as soon as possible. Asking for an extension after the deadline has passed is never a good idea. Get in touch with your professor or TA as soon as possible. Explain your situation. Try to focus on the following aspects of your situation: Make sure youre respectful of your professors or TAs schedule and time. If you know he or she is going on vacation 5 days after the original due date, try to turn your paper in before he or she leaves (but with enough time for them to finish grading it before they depart). Why do you need (vs. want) an extension?What have you done so far? (Show youve at least made an effort instead of simply left the assignment to the last minute.)What would you like your new deadline to be? Have a back-up plan in case your extension isnt granted. You may think your request is completely warranted; your professor or TA, however, may not. You may have to just suck it up and finish your assignment as soon as possible, even if its not as good as you had hoped. Its better to finish a not-so-great paper than to not turn something in. If, however, you feel like your situation really warrants some understanding (because of a medical or family situation, for example), you can always talk to your dean of students for additional support.

Trevor comes to see the doctor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Trevor comes to see the doctor - Assignment Example With time, the production of insulin becomes insufficient, leading to similar symptoms as type 1 Diabetes, which may be either gradual or asymptomatic. The patient is 61years and he has lived in Sydney for most of his life until he was 50 years, when he decided to relocate to his rural place. He leads a sedentary lifestyle and he has not undertaken physical exercises since he was a teenager. In addition, he faces the problem of lacking proper and healthy diet at home, mainly because he does not have a choice of the food he eats but has to accept what his wife prepares for him; occasionally, she provides him with steak and chips from fast food outlets. Risk factors he is involved in include heavy smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and having no control on his diet. The exercise regime is poor, although he admits taking brisk walks at home under pressure from his partner, a ritual that he does not enjoy due to physical discomfort of the exercise and lacks of endurance. He was once asked to be tested for diabetes type 2 but he declined. The physical assessment reveals raised blood pressure and blood sugar while lung field sounds are compro mised but can be heard. Other vital signs tested included heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and oxygen, which are normal routine checks for his clinical presentation. The initial results from physical assessments make the doctor to order further test for serum cholesterol and fasting blood to confirm the diagnosis. Investigation reveals raised serum cholesterol and a high fasting blood sugar, which points to the indication of Ischemic Heart Disease and Type 1 Diabetes. From the initial assessment, the patient’s lifestyle predisposed him to the risks of the diseases. The physical exam revealed that the patient could not endure resistance exercise, smokes heavily, and has never been mindful of his diet. Random blood sugar is abnormal, and the vital respiratory signs are

Management Principles of Pursuit of Happiness Term Paper

Management Principles of Pursuit of Happiness - Term Paper Example In any business, money is the language people speak, even in the business of families. When money is not smooth-flowing, members of a company or family could break apart, leaving broken relationships. This is a common mistake made by the untrained or novice businessman, foreseeing a great future in a business without making careful studies of the feasibility of an enterprise before investing in it. In the case of Gardner, he bought all the machines he could and though he worked hard to sell them compounded with good communication skills, he still lost his wife. However, serendipities could happen when perseverance is present as seen in the life of Gardner when his selling of the machines led him to places which brought him to the success in stockbrokerage. Gardner proved to have keen eyes for success when he looked enviously at a stockbroker’s car and asked him what he did and how he did it, showing qualities that are essential to successful management. He was not only observa nt but he had a way of expressing himself without reservations, he had good communication skills. Honesty was one he could have never thought would be the very key for his having a chance in his dream job as it is shown in his confession to the interviewers that he tried to make up a great story why he went to the interview dressed like a garbage man. Although choosing appropriate clothes is as important as the product in every business, Gardner was able to persuade his interviewers that he could do the job by selling himself first, his abilities and capabilities. Although he was a leader of a basic unit of society, his family; he seemed to be unsuccessful managing it, failing to keep his wife to work with him in their pursuit of the happiness they both longed for. Despite the trials they have been through, he stood to the discipline of never hitting a woman or leaving his son, borne of a desperate need for the father he never knew. This became his personal motivation, to stay with his son and not give him the chance to have a piece of the abuse he experienced in the hands of his stepfather when he was a child, and to work hard to give his son the care he needed as his wife left them for New York. Birthed from such a need, the high-paying job of a stockbroker became to him a challenge and a motivation as he had the opportunity to grab the job, with it not needing a college diploma to qualify as an applicant. Crossing the bridge to take the training as a stockbroker became painfully difficult when he learned that the six-month long training is without pay. Faced with the dilemma of raising his son alone, he had to stand firm, making sacrifices to be able to accomplish every task that was set before him. This is where Gardner’s planning and strategic management skills became evident when he had to work while training and at the same time attending to his parental responsibilities. He managed his time pretty well, studying in the train and working while ta king his leisure time with his son, juggling his various responsibilities and making wise use not only of his time but also of all resources available to him. Moreover, when he was in the training scene, Mr. Witter became one of his motivations, praising him for his wit and hard work, driving him all the more to be productive. He was a natural strategic planner, valuing every tick of the clock so that he even estimated an eight minute productive time he had, from refraining to drink, and hanging in between calls. He was a team-player,

Professional career development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional career development - Assignment Example According to Best and De Valence (25), there are certain determinants that characterize the form of the building that a client gets. Economic and legal requirements are by far the most compelling factors, but the other factors including technology, materials, functional and climatic factors affect the project. Client’s specifications on the building are based on the circumstances surrounding these factors. Risk distribution between the constructor and the client can be assessed for various projects to determine the impact that client type has on design and construction elements of a project. In the following three client types, study has been conducted to highlight the intricacies involved in the determination of risk distribution and the impact passed on to the entire project procedures. Three sectors of the industry have been chosen discussed in the section. Domestic construction market is characterized by private ownership and individual preferences. The domestic building and construction market can further be divided to include various client types, for instance a family which needs a small house, medium and big home builders. First time builders and luxury house builders across the size demands of buildings are also observed in the market. The direct involvement of the client in the project is increased by the direct ownership factor which also increases accountability on the part of the client. Due to the fact that the domestic housing competition is heightened by the slender barriers of entry of new competitors enables the clients to enjoy the benefits of a competitive market. Some of the benefits enjoyed include lowered costs and a variety of service providers to choose from, which enhances preference. Such a diverse market features a variety of risk distribution, project duration, location preferences as well as and costing flexibility. The domestic market

Batch Reactor Is Widely Used In The Chemical Mechanics Essay

Batch Reactor Is Widely Used In The Chemical Mechanics Essay A batch reactor is widely used in the chemical and process industry to perform several operations such as providing an environment of chemical reactions, crystallization, product mixing, dissolution of solids, polymerization, liquid to liquid extraction as well as batch distillation. The equipment comprises of tank that has an integrated heating and cooling system as well as an agitator. The main advantages of using a batch unit is it ability to perform various function without the need to change or break containment. Toxic and highly potent compounds can be processed in the batch unit. Part one Question 1 a) Explain why you would regard this batch chemical reactor as a plant unit. According to the definition of a chemical plant, a plant is comprised of several units that are interconnected by piping. Materials move in and out of these units. These materials or raw materials are converted into different products. In this example, the batch reactor is a separate unit of the plant which processes the raw materials introduced before feeding them to the centrifuge system. This batch reactor is also the principle chemical converter in this plant. b) Explain your reasons for concluding that this unit is critical for production This unit is critical for the production in this process because It prepares and processes the raw materials by heating them to the prescribed temperature and also providing the required pressure for the process. It ensures full utilization of the centrifuge unit; this is because it produces more than the centrifuge can process. the batch unit produces 18 (te) of product The batch unit is the principle raw material processor in this process, it receives raw materials, process them to complete products, thereafter, these materials are sorted out by the centrifuge. There is no other unit for processing materials in this plant unit. The batch unit temporary stores the materials before they are feed to the centrifuge system. b) Extract any user requirements for this designated unit from the plant description. Are there any production ‘windows? The main user information is; The vessel consist of a jacketed agitated glass lined vessel, heated to a certain temperature and pressure and consist of a thermocouple, a temperature alarm and has a safety relief valve The equipment list is also provided to the plant engineer with information about the different components installed on the plant. The drawing of the batch unit also shows the plant engineer the layout of the different components in the reactor. Jacket safety valve, temperature pocket, temperature controller, steam trap, agitator and the pipe work. The batch reactor process is also described so that the user or the operator can clearly understand how the processes are carried out, for example â€Å"the batch unit starts when 18 (te) of raw materials are introduced to the reactor†, the content are heated through to a preset temperature/ time profile that takes 10 hours† the products are then feed to the centrifuge system. This explanation helps the user or the plant operator understand its operation. d) Extract any corporate requirements for this unit from the plant description Some of the corporate requirements for this unit obtained from the text are: The equipment is shutdown for 16 hours during the 40th week of each year. The production of the batch reactor is also indicated, that is â€Å"the manufacturing unit makes 13,000 te of bulk pharmaceutical product within a given year† The information provided for the batch reactor jacket is also vital to the corporate use. This information is â€Å"the jacket is a registered steam receiver and also has a safety relief valve† The company guidelines state that reactors should be maintained to archive 25 years and gear boxes should be maintained to give 15 years life. e) Extract any legislative requirements for this unit from the plant description. The legal requirements include; The procedure for controlling maintenance activities must conform to the environment standard ISO14000. The manufacturing process must be licensed by FDA and the British pharmaceutical product. The manufacturing activities must comply with GMP (good manufacturing practice) and the process must be to the quality standard ISO 9002. f) Table 1 shows the existing life plan for this unit. Comment on whether you think that some of the tasks designated for the scheduled shutdown could be completed during production windows or when the plant is on-line. Could any of the tasks designated for completion during production windows be completed on-line? From the company maintenance guidelines, it can be seen that the company stipulates a 16 hour shutdown for the batch reactor during it 40th week of operation each year. Various test and maintenance activities are carried out to ensure that the batch reactor archives 25 years life and the gear boxes give a 15 year working life. In addition to the maintenance activities, the industry should be kept clean and painted to ensure that it passes the pharmaceutical inspectors test and prevent unnecessary shutdown. The maintenance activities should however be scheduled in such a manner that they dont interfere or affect the operation of the plant thereby maximizing the profits obtained from the production line. This calls for the scheduling of light maintenance operation to be done when the plant is still operating. Based on this classification, three maintenance operation are carried out for this batch reactor these are On line: these are maintenance activities that run concurrent with the production line. The maintenance activities are performed when the machine is still in use. Proper scheduling must be done to ensure that these activities are well planned for. The online and offline maintenance windows should also not coincide. Offline maintenance: These are maintenance activities that are performed when batch reactor is switched off or some interruption has to occur the machine is shut off and a part in the system is removed or repaired. Back up systems are used. Maintenance window:   this is a user defined period of time in which automatic maintenance activities are carried out. During the maintenance window, the need for maintenance activity is first evaluated, and if the system does not meet the required parameters a maintenance activity is carried out. If the required conditions are met the maintenance activity is not carried out (IBM, 2009). The activity for this batch reactor can be scheduled as follows Activity Comments CV1, replacing trim Currently the machine is shutdown before this maintenance activity is performed, based on the time taken to perform this activity and the frequency, it is best that it is done during the production window. Agitator gearbox Checking the oil Checking the oil seals for leaks   Visual check These activities are performed when the reactor is running, due to their frequency and time required these activities they can be done when the machine is still running(online) Agitator coupling Can be done when the production is progressing (online) as the process takes a short time and is performed often. SV1, pressure test and inspection This is a rigorous activity and can only be performed when the reactor is shutoff. Agitator visual check Does not require to be performed during shut off, it can be done as the machine operates (online) and can also be scheduled during the production window. It can also be performed when the agitator coupling is being checked Internal inspection Pressure test Should be done when the equipment is shutoff as it is a rigorous activity and takes a long time Pressure test and inspection It can be done during the production window. Visual checks for leaks Leak test Vibration monitoring of the motor and pump bearing Should be done on daily basis. The pump motor should also be checked as the leak tests are done. This will help monitor the pump. The checks are done by the plant operator. g) Analyze the recorded jobs from the computer maintenance management system (CMMS) for this unit. (These jobs are shown in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet called Worklist.xls.) Is there any evidence which confirms that the life plan is being carried out? Is there any evidence to say if the life plan is effective or not? To check and analyze the data recorded on the computer maintenance management systems for this unit. The different maintenance activity was evaluated and the frequency of these activities, as well as the time taken to complete this activity was evaluated. The excel data was first sorted into the various groups of maintenance activities. The obtained data was as follows For the agitator coupling the Visual check annual ticket for weekly task were as follows 8/8/1996 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/1997 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/1998 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/1999 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2000 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2001 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2002 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2003 4.33 5.2 Planned From the table the maintenance activities were carried out as per the schedule and the activities took a longer time than was actually planned for. were as planned for. For the agitator visual check, the table is as shown in the figure below 3/3/1996 2 4 Planned 3/4/2002 2 4 Planned The activity interval time was 6 years between subsequent maintenance activities and this was carried out as per the life plan specifications. They however took more time than was specified. For the oil seals, the maintenance information was as shown in the table below; Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1996 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1997 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1998 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1999 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/2000 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/2001 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/2002 8.67 10.4 Planned Again the time taken was longer, however the maintenance was according to the life plan. For the vibration monitor gearbox and checking of the motor bearing, the data for year 1996 and 2002 is as shown in the table below; Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 2/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 3/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 4/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 5/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 6/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 7/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 8/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 9/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 10/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 11/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 12/10/1996 1 2 Planned For the 2002 data Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 1/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 2/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 3/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 4/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 5/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 6/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 7/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 8/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 9/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 10/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 11/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 12/10/2002 1 2 Planned Again the life plan was strictly followed and all maintenance activities planned were carried out every month. For the pressure test (SV2), again the maintenance activities followed the life plan Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1996 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1997 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1998 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1999 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/2000 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/2001 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/2002 2 3 Planned For the pressure test and inspection to determine if reconditioning was required, the maintenance was as scheduled and took place after 6 years as shown in the table below; however the time for the activity was longer than it was expected. Pressure test and inspect 3/3/1996 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 3/4/2002 2 3 Planned For the steam jacket, the life plan was followed but again the allocated time was short. Despite the carefully planned maintenance activities, there were some reactive maintenance activities these resulted from detection of anomalies in the system. Some of these activities are shown in the table below. Component Item Activity Date Standard time Actual time Type of job Reactor P1 Replace leaking mechanical seal 7/2/1996 4 4 Reactive Centrifuge P2 Replace mechanical seal 1/18/1997 2 3 Reactive Reactor T1 Re-calibrate temperature sensor 9/1/1998 2 3 Reactive Raw Material Storage P3 Replace seal 11/16/1998 5 5 Reactive Centrifuge P2 Replace mechanical seal 3/29/1999 2 4 Reactive Centrifuge P2 Replace mechanical seal 5/18/1999 2 2 Reactive Raw Material Storage P3 Repair plinth impact damage 10/1/1999 4 4 Reactive Raw Material Storage P3 Repair seized pump 10/3/2000 12 12 Reactive Reactor T1 Re-calibrate temperature sensor 4/17/2001 2 2 Reactive Centrifuge T3 Replace temperature sensor 6/25/2002 2 2 Reactive From this analysis it can be seen that maintenance operations were done as scheduled and planned. However, most of the activities took a longer time than was scheduled. The planned maintenance operations were not wholly effective as reactive maintenance operation were performed. h) Use your experience in conjunction with Figures 1 2, the plant description and the data from the CMMS to analyze the unit into its maintenance causing items From the diagrams 1 and 2, the main areas that are likely to fail include The major maintenance causing units are; (i)The steam unit The unit comprises of the safety valves, the steam jacket, the steam jacket safety valve, the Globe control valve etc. these units are bound to fail and cause critical damage to the equipment as well as the manpower manning the plant. Their maintenance is critical. (ii)The agitator unit: Comprises of the agitator, the agitator motor, the motor gearbox and coupling. The gearbox and the drive mechanism are bound to fail due continuous use as well as the forces acting on the agitator. Bearing wear are also likely to cause vibration on the shaft. (iii)The reactor unit The reactor unit, the reactor safety valve SV2, the safety valve discharge pipe work is also likely to cause plant failure and should be checked regularly. (iv)The centrifuge The centrifuge system is also critical in the operation of this plant and is likely to cause major maintenance problems. Some of the maintenance checks include; testing the motor bearing, checking the vibration on the machine, checking the wear on the seals of the centrifuge, physical check of the centrifuge as well as checking its drive motor and the valves leading to the pump and out of the pump. The minor units likely to cause maintenance problems are: (v)Temperature sensor calibration The failure of the temperature alarm to detect increase in temperature beyond 125 degrees. This is due to a faulty temperature sensor. This calls for regular temperature sensor control, calibration and testing if the system works according to the set parameters. (vi)Checking the pipes Checking of the pipe work for any leakage should also be done. Checks should be done regularly. (vii)Checking the pump for proper workability Pump delivering materials to the centrifugal unit should be checked. Some checks include the driving motor vibration tests, the motor starter tests as well as the functioning of the motor tests. Tests should be performed every month through physical checking of the motor. The agitator motor should also be checked to determine if its working at its rated torque and speed. (viii)Checking the steam trap The steam trap and the heat exchanger should also be regularly checked, this is because it cools the steam efficiently. The condenser should be checked for any leakages, blockages, wear, temperature and heat dissipation as well as its performance and efficiency. Tests involve both the physical checks as well as specialized tests using thermometers and thermocouple sensors to detect if the heat loss in the steam trap is sufficient enough. Checking the raw materials storage The warehouse used to store the raw materials should be regularly inspected to ensure that the materials are not contaminated. Presence of excess water, humidity, temperature and pests may damage the raw materials resulting to inferior products. Checking the raw materials feed mechanism The raw material feed mechanism should be checked to ensure delivery of materials to the batch reactor with ease. The motor used to run the feedstock should be checked, the physical leakages should also be checked and other component of the feed mechanism. The test should be done every month. Checking the paint coating Involves the Physical inspection of the plant to ensure that all the parts are not rusted or the paint has not been scourged. These tests are obligatory to ensure conformity with the pharmaceutical inspectors rules and regulation. The inspection can be done every year. i) Develop your own life plan for these maintenance causing items using the task selection logic for Reliability Centered Maintenance For the implementation of RCM the following main tasks are carried out; Selection of the equipment to perform analysis Identification of potential failures Identification and evaluation of the effects of the started failures Identification of the causes of failure Selecting the maintenance tasks Maintenance packaging 1) Selection of equipment to perform analysis on; The main equipments to perform analysis on are;  · The batch reactor  · The centrifuge  · The steam jacket  · The centrifuge motor  · The raw materials handling equipment The identification of potential failures and the causes of failure The potential problems that are likely to occur are BATCH REACTOR The agitator  · The agitator motor failure  · The agitator gearbox failure  · The agitator coupling failure The centrifuge  · Centrifuge discharge pipe failure  · The centrifuge pump may fail  · The pump motor failure  · The piping system may fail The steam jacket  · Failure of the reactor safety valve  · Failure of the safety valve  · The temperature alarm system failure  · The failure of the pressurized steam pipe network. Sensors and alarms  · Failure of the temperature controller  · The globe control valve failure  · The steam trap Raw materials feed system  · Failure of the inlet pipe work  · Failure of the motors conveying the raw materials The table below shows the maintenance strategy developed after conducting a RCM analysis. Table 1: RCM analysis Item Causes of failure Maintenance activity Frequency of maintenance Time for maintenance The agitator The motor (1)Brush wear (2)Winding may overheat (3)The motor starters may fail Checking the motor 3 months 2 hours The gearbox (oil gearbox ) (1)The viscosity of oil may reduce lubricity Testing the oil viscosity 3 months