Professional career development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional career development - Assignment Example According to Best and De Valence (25), there are certain determinants that characterize the form of the building that a client gets. Economic and legal requirements are by far the most compelling factors, but the other factors including technology, materials, functional and climatic factors affect the project. Client’s specifications on the building are based on the circumstances surrounding these factors. Risk distribution between the constructor and the client can be assessed for various projects to determine the impact that client type has on design and construction elements of a project. In the following three client types, study has been conducted to highlight the intricacies involved in the determination of risk distribution and the impact passed on to the entire project procedures. Three sectors of the industry have been chosen discussed in the section. Domestic construction market is characterized by private ownership and individual preferences. The domestic building and construction market can further be divided to include various client types, for instance a family which needs a small house, medium and big home builders. First time builders and luxury house builders across the size demands of buildings are also observed in the market. The direct involvement of the client in the project is increased by the direct ownership factor which also increases accountability on the part of the client. Due to the fact that the domestic housing competition is heightened by the slender barriers of entry of new competitors enables the clients to enjoy the benefits of a competitive market. Some of the benefits enjoyed include lowered costs and a variety of service providers to choose from, which enhances preference. Such a diverse market features a variety of risk distribution, project duration, location preferences as well as and costing flexibility. The domestic market

Batch Reactor Is Widely Used In The Chemical Mechanics Essay

Batch Reactor Is Widely Used In The Chemical Mechanics Essay A batch reactor is widely used in the chemical and process industry to perform several operations such as providing an environment of chemical reactions, crystallization, product mixing, dissolution of solids, polymerization, liquid to liquid extraction as well as batch distillation. The equipment comprises of tank that has an integrated heating and cooling system as well as an agitator. The main advantages of using a batch unit is it ability to perform various function without the need to change or break containment. Toxic and highly potent compounds can be processed in the batch unit. Part one Question 1 a) Explain why you would regard this batch chemical reactor as a plant unit. According to the definition of a chemical plant, a plant is comprised of several units that are interconnected by piping. Materials move in and out of these units. These materials or raw materials are converted into different products. In this example, the batch reactor is a separate unit of the plant which processes the raw materials introduced before feeding them to the centrifuge system. This batch reactor is also the principle chemical converter in this plant. b) Explain your reasons for concluding that this unit is critical for production This unit is critical for the production in this process because It prepares and processes the raw materials by heating them to the prescribed temperature and also providing the required pressure for the process. It ensures full utilization of the centrifuge unit; this is because it produces more than the centrifuge can process. the batch unit produces 18 (te) of product The batch unit is the principle raw material processor in this process, it receives raw materials, process them to complete products, thereafter, these materials are sorted out by the centrifuge. There is no other unit for processing materials in this plant unit. The batch unit temporary stores the materials before they are feed to the centrifuge system. b) Extract any user requirements for this designated unit from the plant description. Are there any production ‘windows? The main user information is; The vessel consist of a jacketed agitated glass lined vessel, heated to a certain temperature and pressure and consist of a thermocouple, a temperature alarm and has a safety relief valve The equipment list is also provided to the plant engineer with information about the different components installed on the plant. The drawing of the batch unit also shows the plant engineer the layout of the different components in the reactor. Jacket safety valve, temperature pocket, temperature controller, steam trap, agitator and the pipe work. The batch reactor process is also described so that the user or the operator can clearly understand how the processes are carried out, for example â€Å"the batch unit starts when 18 (te) of raw materials are introduced to the reactor†, the content are heated through to a preset temperature/ time profile that takes 10 hours† the products are then feed to the centrifuge system. This explanation helps the user or the plant operator understand its operation. d) Extract any corporate requirements for this unit from the plant description Some of the corporate requirements for this unit obtained from the text are: The equipment is shutdown for 16 hours during the 40th week of each year. The production of the batch reactor is also indicated, that is â€Å"the manufacturing unit makes 13,000 te of bulk pharmaceutical product within a given year† The information provided for the batch reactor jacket is also vital to the corporate use. This information is â€Å"the jacket is a registered steam receiver and also has a safety relief valve† The company guidelines state that reactors should be maintained to archive 25 years and gear boxes should be maintained to give 15 years life. e) Extract any legislative requirements for this unit from the plant description. The legal requirements include; The procedure for controlling maintenance activities must conform to the environment standard ISO14000. The manufacturing process must be licensed by FDA and the British pharmaceutical product. The manufacturing activities must comply with GMP (good manufacturing practice) and the process must be to the quality standard ISO 9002. f) Table 1 shows the existing life plan for this unit. Comment on whether you think that some of the tasks designated for the scheduled shutdown could be completed during production windows or when the plant is on-line. Could any of the tasks designated for completion during production windows be completed on-line? From the company maintenance guidelines, it can be seen that the company stipulates a 16 hour shutdown for the batch reactor during it 40th week of operation each year. Various test and maintenance activities are carried out to ensure that the batch reactor archives 25 years life and the gear boxes give a 15 year working life. In addition to the maintenance activities, the industry should be kept clean and painted to ensure that it passes the pharmaceutical inspectors test and prevent unnecessary shutdown. The maintenance activities should however be scheduled in such a manner that they dont interfere or affect the operation of the plant thereby maximizing the profits obtained from the production line. This calls for the scheduling of light maintenance operation to be done when the plant is still operating. Based on this classification, three maintenance operation are carried out for this batch reactor these are On line: these are maintenance activities that run concurrent with the production line. The maintenance activities are performed when the machine is still in use. Proper scheduling must be done to ensure that these activities are well planned for. The online and offline maintenance windows should also not coincide. Offline maintenance: These are maintenance activities that are performed when batch reactor is switched off or some interruption has to occur the machine is shut off and a part in the system is removed or repaired. Back up systems are used. Maintenance window:   this is a user defined period of time in which automatic maintenance activities are carried out. During the maintenance window, the need for maintenance activity is first evaluated, and if the system does not meet the required parameters a maintenance activity is carried out. If the required conditions are met the maintenance activity is not carried out (IBM, 2009). The activity for this batch reactor can be scheduled as follows Activity Comments CV1, replacing trim Currently the machine is shutdown before this maintenance activity is performed, based on the time taken to perform this activity and the frequency, it is best that it is done during the production window. Agitator gearbox Checking the oil Checking the oil seals for leaks   Visual check These activities are performed when the reactor is running, due to their frequency and time required these activities they can be done when the machine is still running(online) Agitator coupling Can be done when the production is progressing (online) as the process takes a short time and is performed often. SV1, pressure test and inspection This is a rigorous activity and can only be performed when the reactor is shutoff. Agitator visual check Does not require to be performed during shut off, it can be done as the machine operates (online) and can also be scheduled during the production window. It can also be performed when the agitator coupling is being checked Internal inspection Pressure test Should be done when the equipment is shutoff as it is a rigorous activity and takes a long time Pressure test and inspection It can be done during the production window. Visual checks for leaks Leak test Vibration monitoring of the motor and pump bearing Should be done on daily basis. The pump motor should also be checked as the leak tests are done. This will help monitor the pump. The checks are done by the plant operator. g) Analyze the recorded jobs from the computer maintenance management system (CMMS) for this unit. (These jobs are shown in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet called Worklist.xls.) Is there any evidence which confirms that the life plan is being carried out? Is there any evidence to say if the life plan is effective or not? To check and analyze the data recorded on the computer maintenance management systems for this unit. The different maintenance activity was evaluated and the frequency of these activities, as well as the time taken to complete this activity was evaluated. The excel data was first sorted into the various groups of maintenance activities. The obtained data was as follows For the agitator coupling the Visual check annual ticket for weekly task were as follows 8/8/1996 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/1997 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/1998 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/1999 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2000 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2001 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2002 4.33 5.2 Planned 8/8/2003 4.33 5.2 Planned From the table the maintenance activities were carried out as per the schedule and the activities took a longer time than was actually planned for. were as planned for. For the agitator visual check, the table is as shown in the figure below 3/3/1996 2 4 Planned 3/4/2002 2 4 Planned The activity interval time was 6 years between subsequent maintenance activities and this was carried out as per the life plan specifications. They however took more time than was specified. For the oil seals, the maintenance information was as shown in the table below; Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1996 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1997 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1998 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/1999 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/2000 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/2001 8.67 10.4 Planned Check oil seals and for leaks annual ticket for weekly task 7/7/2002 8.67 10.4 Planned Again the time taken was longer, however the maintenance was according to the life plan. For the vibration monitor gearbox and checking of the motor bearing, the data for year 1996 and 2002 is as shown in the table below; Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 2/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 3/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 4/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 5/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 6/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 7/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 8/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 9/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 10/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 11/10/1996 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 12/10/1996 1 2 Planned For the 2002 data Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 1/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 2/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 3/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 4/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 5/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 6/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 7/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 8/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 9/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 10/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 11/10/2002 1 2 Planned Vibration monitor gearbox motor bearings 12/10/2002 1 2 Planned Again the life plan was strictly followed and all maintenance activities planned were carried out every month. For the pressure test (SV2), again the maintenance activities followed the life plan Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1996 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1997 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1998 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/1999 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/2000 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/2001 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 9/6/2002 2 3 Planned For the pressure test and inspection to determine if reconditioning was required, the maintenance was as scheduled and took place after 6 years as shown in the table below; however the time for the activity was longer than it was expected. Pressure test and inspect 3/3/1996 2 3 Planned Pressure test and inspect 3/4/2002 2 3 Planned For the steam jacket, the life plan was followed but again the allocated time was short. Despite the carefully planned maintenance activities, there were some reactive maintenance activities these resulted from detection of anomalies in the system. Some of these activities are shown in the table below. Component Item Activity Date Standard time Actual time Type of job Reactor P1 Replace leaking mechanical seal 7/2/1996 4 4 Reactive Centrifuge P2 Replace mechanical seal 1/18/1997 2 3 Reactive Reactor T1 Re-calibrate temperature sensor 9/1/1998 2 3 Reactive Raw Material Storage P3 Replace seal 11/16/1998 5 5 Reactive Centrifuge P2 Replace mechanical seal 3/29/1999 2 4 Reactive Centrifuge P2 Replace mechanical seal 5/18/1999 2 2 Reactive Raw Material Storage P3 Repair plinth impact damage 10/1/1999 4 4 Reactive Raw Material Storage P3 Repair seized pump 10/3/2000 12 12 Reactive Reactor T1 Re-calibrate temperature sensor 4/17/2001 2 2 Reactive Centrifuge T3 Replace temperature sensor 6/25/2002 2 2 Reactive From this analysis it can be seen that maintenance operations were done as scheduled and planned. However, most of the activities took a longer time than was scheduled. The planned maintenance operations were not wholly effective as reactive maintenance operation were performed. h) Use your experience in conjunction with Figures 1 2, the plant description and the data from the CMMS to analyze the unit into its maintenance causing items From the diagrams 1 and 2, the main areas that are likely to fail include The major maintenance causing units are; (i)The steam unit The unit comprises of the safety valves, the steam jacket, the steam jacket safety valve, the Globe control valve etc. these units are bound to fail and cause critical damage to the equipment as well as the manpower manning the plant. Their maintenance is critical. (ii)The agitator unit: Comprises of the agitator, the agitator motor, the motor gearbox and coupling. The gearbox and the drive mechanism are bound to fail due continuous use as well as the forces acting on the agitator. Bearing wear are also likely to cause vibration on the shaft. (iii)The reactor unit The reactor unit, the reactor safety valve SV2, the safety valve discharge pipe work is also likely to cause plant failure and should be checked regularly. (iv)The centrifuge The centrifuge system is also critical in the operation of this plant and is likely to cause major maintenance problems. Some of the maintenance checks include; testing the motor bearing, checking the vibration on the machine, checking the wear on the seals of the centrifuge, physical check of the centrifuge as well as checking its drive motor and the valves leading to the pump and out of the pump. The minor units likely to cause maintenance problems are: (v)Temperature sensor calibration The failure of the temperature alarm to detect increase in temperature beyond 125 degrees. This is due to a faulty temperature sensor. This calls for regular temperature sensor control, calibration and testing if the system works according to the set parameters. (vi)Checking the pipes Checking of the pipe work for any leakage should also be done. Checks should be done regularly. (vii)Checking the pump for proper workability Pump delivering materials to the centrifugal unit should be checked. Some checks include the driving motor vibration tests, the motor starter tests as well as the functioning of the motor tests. Tests should be performed every month through physical checking of the motor. The agitator motor should also be checked to determine if its working at its rated torque and speed. (viii)Checking the steam trap The steam trap and the heat exchanger should also be regularly checked, this is because it cools the steam efficiently. The condenser should be checked for any leakages, blockages, wear, temperature and heat dissipation as well as its performance and efficiency. Tests involve both the physical checks as well as specialized tests using thermometers and thermocouple sensors to detect if the heat loss in the steam trap is sufficient enough. Checking the raw materials storage The warehouse used to store the raw materials should be regularly inspected to ensure that the materials are not contaminated. Presence of excess water, humidity, temperature and pests may damage the raw materials resulting to inferior products. Checking the raw materials feed mechanism The raw material feed mechanism should be checked to ensure delivery of materials to the batch reactor with ease. The motor used to run the feedstock should be checked, the physical leakages should also be checked and other component of the feed mechanism. The test should be done every month. Checking the paint coating Involves the Physical inspection of the plant to ensure that all the parts are not rusted or the paint has not been scourged. These tests are obligatory to ensure conformity with the pharmaceutical inspectors rules and regulation. The inspection can be done every year. i) Develop your own life plan for these maintenance causing items using the task selection logic for Reliability Centered Maintenance For the implementation of RCM the following main tasks are carried out; Selection of the equipment to perform analysis Identification of potential failures Identification and evaluation of the effects of the started failures Identification of the causes of failure Selecting the maintenance tasks Maintenance packaging 1) Selection of equipment to perform analysis on; The main equipments to perform analysis on are;  · The batch reactor  · The centrifuge  · The steam jacket  · The centrifuge motor  · The raw materials handling equipment The identification of potential failures and the causes of failure The potential problems that are likely to occur are BATCH REACTOR The agitator  · The agitator motor failure  · The agitator gearbox failure  · The agitator coupling failure The centrifuge  · Centrifuge discharge pipe failure  · The centrifuge pump may fail  · The pump motor failure  · The piping system may fail The steam jacket  · Failure of the reactor safety valve  · Failure of the safety valve  · The temperature alarm system failure  · The failure of the pressurized steam pipe network. Sensors and alarms  · Failure of the temperature controller  · The globe control valve failure  · The steam trap Raw materials feed system  · Failure of the inlet pipe work  · Failure of the motors conveying the raw materials The table below shows the maintenance strategy developed after conducting a RCM analysis. Table 1: RCM analysis Item Causes of failure Maintenance activity Frequency of maintenance Time for maintenance The agitator The motor (1)Brush wear (2)Winding may overheat (3)The motor starters may fail Checking the motor 3 months 2 hours The gearbox (oil gearbox ) (1)The viscosity of oil may reduce lubricity Testing the oil viscosity 3 months

Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe Poe, Edgar Allan, known as a poet and critic but most famous as the first master of the short-story form, especially tales of the mysterious and macabre. The literary merits of Poe's writings have been debated since his death, but his works have remained popular and many major American and European writers have professed their artistic debt to him. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Poe was orphaned in his early childhood and was raised by John Allan, a successful businessman of Richmond, Virginia. Taken by the Allan family to England at the age of six, Poe was placed in a private school. Upon returning to the United States in 1820, he continued to study in private schools. He attended the University of Virginia for a year, but in 1827 his foster father, displeased by the young man's drinking and gambling, refused to pay his debts and forced him to work as a clerk. Poe, disliking his new duties intensely, quit the job, thus estranging Allan, and went to Boston. There his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), was published anonymously. Shortly afterward Poe enlisted in the U.S. Army and served a two-year term. In 1829 his second volume of verse, Al Aaraaf, was published, and he effected a reconciliation with Allan, who secured him an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy. After only a few months at the academy Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty, and his foster father disowned him permanently. Poe's third book, Poems, appeared in 1831, and the following year he moved to Baltimore, where he lived with his aunt and her 11-year-old daughter, Virginia Clemm. The following year his tale â€Å"A MS. Found in a Bottle† won a contest sponsored by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. From 1835 to 1837 Poe

Panera Bread Case

These locations enable them to service both the shopping customer base, but also the equines base co-located In these high traffic areas. Their vision is one that their customers will love freshness of their products and the tastiness of their offerings to the degree that they will be driven to visit their stores repeatedly and often. Pander believes that the values they provide their customers are: creating wholesome healthy foods, maintaining affordable prices, to always innovate, and respect for both customers and employees.Bread is a staple of life and Pander believes that by them enhancing the flavors menu offerings around bread, then they will increase their ease market for baked goods served by Pander outlets and franchises. As a customer of Pander, I can tell you that their product offerings are so flavors that they are a strength to their business. There are two areas where the slogan or vision appear to deviate from the text; 1) overly broad language; and 2) rather generic. That said, we are talking about bread; and bread is the single most important staple for human life, next to rice.It works. One of Pander's strategic objectives is to expand their product line, creating further distance between them and their rivals, and to increase heir sales In foreign markets. They will achieve that strategic objective as a result of continued Investment and focus In five key business areas: 1) the quality of their food, 2) their increased marketing expenditures, 3) the roller of their Napery loyalty program, 4) the growth of their catering business, and 5) the quality of their operations and their people.We believe that success in these five areas will place Pander at the top of the list of the very best companies in our industry; and are a direct result of continued Investment in the quality of our customers' experience to alp drive product differentiation and thus provide Pander a completive advantage among Its peers. The Investments that were made over the l ast three years have driven Pander's results in 2011 and they believe the investments that were made in 2011 position them well for the future. Item 2: The company financial objective is to have long-term operating earnings growth target of 12-17% per year.In 2011, Pander had a very good year. Their Earnings per Share (PEPS) grew 28%. This was their fourth consecutive year that their PEPS has rowan 24% or greater; which Is above the upper end of their long-term earnings growth target. Their performance in 2011 was driven both by their strong operating performance as well as their ability to generate PEPS growth through deployment of their excess capital. Earnings growth of approximately 20% was driven by core operations, which was above their long-term operating earnings growth target of 12-17%.Additionally, an Incremental 8% earnings growth was driven by the more their ability to grow their bakery-cafe sales. In 2011, their Company-owned bakery- cafe sales increased 4. % vs.. 2010, and rose to 12. 4% on a two-year basis. They also celebrated the opening of their 1,50th store, nationwide. This, coupled with their debt free position, they believe these results will put them among the very best in their industry and are a direct result of continued investment in the quality of their customers' experience to drive product differentiation and competitive advantage.The investments that they have made over the last few years drove their results in 2011 and they believe the investments that they made in 2011 position them well for the future. Item 3 & 4 NOT SHOWN Item 5: This is a good example of sales, earnings and balance sheet analysis. It is missing the same store analysis and franchise versus owned stores analysis The net income for Pander Bread has increased from the third quarter of 2011 to the third quarter of 2012 by 22% or $36. MM. The Administration expense is up $MM. This is something we will continue to manage along with their asset growth.Total assets a re up by $MM in 2011. Return on Equity was 20%, which is 3% above the high end of their range of 12-17%. The Return on Invested Capital (ROCCO) is 5. % which is up from 4. 8% from the previous year. Inventory turnover when compared to the industry is really tremendous. Their inventory turnover ratio was 95. 5 as compared to the industry 6. 5. The sales growth has grown from 2010 being 6. 29% quarterly to 15. 79% quarterly in 2012. This shows a very strong growth in sales year over year and ties well to their strategy of growing sales within their market areas. It shows a strong demand for their product.The balance sheet for Pander is solid, in that they have 1,027,322 in total assets and only 372,246 million in total liabilities. They are basically debt free. They are showing year over year improvement in assets, liabilities, stockholder equity, revenues, and both company operated and franchise stores as well as the number of company owned and franchised Pander's opening every year. Earnings per share have risen from 0. 98 to 1. 25 over the last 12 months. Although system statewide revenue has increased every year since 2002 their sales growth has been erratic. For 2006-2007 there was an 18. 17% growth in sales revenue.From 2007-2008 revenue slowed to 16. 34% growth, before falling all the way to 5. 45%. It should be noted between 2009-2010 sales growth picked up to 1 1. 8%, indicating a possible upward trajectory after faltering during the recession. This is evidence off well-run, well-managed company. From all indications, their strategy appears to be working in quarter over quarter sales improvements. Items 6 and 7: Pander Bread's Value Chain consists of Inbound Logistics – Pander Dough Supplier, Other Supplier Management, Manufacturing – Franchise and Store-owned Cafes, Catering, R&D – Product Research and Development and Marketing.Each franchisee purchases dough directly from Pander Bread. Pander has an interest in each of the franchi sed stores succeeding because the company received 4%-5% royalties from sales continually. This means that Pander, as the supplier, has an interest to keep prices of dough as low as possible to maintain viable franchise operations. Outbound logistics – each franchisee purchases dough directly from The fresh dough is sold to both company-owned and franchised bakery-cafes at a delivered cost not to exceed 27% of the retail value of the product.These costs margins are achieved by producing the dough at central locations while employing economies of scale. Pander provides comprehensive house training, market analysis, and bakery-cafe certification. This corporate level tactic impacts the company's franchised and company owned stores by enabling Pander to develop systems used by all the cafes thus applying operational economies of scale. Since each cafe-bakery does not have to develop its own operations structure this reduces costs for each store. All the cafes offered an assortme nt of 20-plus varieties of bread baked daily and as of 2006 at least 22 types of sandwiches.Each of these breads and indices were regularly reviewed by the Marketing group to determine whether the products matched regular customer needs, new consumer trends, and seasonal relevance. The complexity of the product line enables Pander to match menu items with a variety of customer needs. This process ensured that weak selling items would be removed thus limiting excess inventory. Pander's Marketing is using focus groups to determine customer food and drink preferences, and price points. This work is done by only a few individuals at the corporate level and scaled to the rest of he cafes.The existing company and franchise owned cafes would be able to take advantage of this market information and subsequently reduce costs associated with sales and marketing information. Involving Pander's research and development new menu items were rolled out in limited cafes and developed in test kitche ns prior to nationwide release. This process addressed two cost drivers. First, by employing economies of scale, individual cafes will not have to spend resources and capital investing in the development of new menu items.Second, through the expertise of he advanced research and development department Pander ensures both quality of product and process. This will result in less product waste and increased customer satisfaction and in turn lowered costs. Pander Bread utilizes both structural and execution cost drivers to lower costs on the value chain particularly in inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing, and research and development. Their cost reduction across their value chain gives Pander a strong competitive advantage. Pander pursues continuous quality improvements in separate ways.They are well known for their after sale service. They are known for contacting customers who leave complaints offering them anything from coupons to free meals when th eir service is not up to par. Their high customer retention rate lends one to believe that they are also making improvements based on customer reviews. Their emphasis on marketing allows them to introduce new products that succeed because they are attached to the brand. An example of this would be their recent success with parfaits. They have also redesigned their stores over the years to make them more aesthetically pleasing, further building their own brand.

Banning Smoking in Public Places

Banning smoking in public places I’d like to talk about the banning smoking in public places. Generally, is known about smoking that can cause different types of cancer, yellow teeth and unpleasant smell. I think that smoking in public places represent a real problem, because smoking can lead to serious health problems for both the person who smoke and the sitting next to him. Nowadays, smoking is a leading cause of mortality in the world, but also a very profitable business for some companies.In general, when it comes to smoking, opinions are divided. While some people urge us not to smoke, others try to convince us that is not necessary to make so many problems and that smoking is not dangerous. First of all, issue of smoking in public places has become today a real reason for concern. So, governments all over the world have implemented bans of smoking in public places, to the joy of non-smokers and the dismay of those for whom a cigarette is a permanent extension of the lip s.Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, a gas, which, if is inhaled, can produce different types of pulmonary diseases, cancer. This action of carbon monoxide displays one great advantage of the ban on smoking in public places. People standing next to the smoker will, against their wishes, be inhaling the tobacco smoke emanating from the tip of the cigar or cigarette as well as that exhaled by the smoker. Thus, large quantities of carbon monoxide will be entering the â€Å"victim’s† blood stream, wreaking havoc with his red blood cells.Tobacco smoke has also been shown to contain certain carcinogenic compounds which have the ability to mutate the DNA of anyone who inhales them, leading to probable cancers of the lungs, mouth and throat, and also secondary cancers at other sites in the body. These effects present another case in favour of the ban on smoking in public. Unenlightened people standing next to the smoker will be increasing their risk of getting cancer tenf old. Tobacco smoke also contains nicotine, a chemical which produces the same effects as adrenaline in the body.Nicotine increases the breathing rate, heart beat and blood pressure of the person who consumes it. Increased blood pressure may lead to hardening of the arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis. Thus another advantage of the ban comes to light. Non-smokers who unwittingly inhale â€Å"second-hand† smoke are exposed to nicotine and its harmful effects. Apart from the evident medical and health advantages of the ban on smoking in the public, certain social advantages can be mentioned.It is a well-known fact that children, having impressionable minds, emulate almost everything they see their elders doing. The negative impact of seeing an adult smoking could ultimately lead these children to becoming smokers themselves. And the chances of such sighting increase manifold in public places where smoking is allowed. Countries which provide free medical aid for their ci tizens have an added advantage, a monetary one. Respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling tobacco smoke are on the rise, resulting in an increase in the amount of money spent on medical care by these countries.Most of the people suffering from these illnesses are non-smokers exposed to ‘second-hand’ smoke. By banning the smoking of any form of tobacco in public, the incidence of these illnesses is greatly decreased, thus saving millions which may be directed towards other projects. The only disadvantage of the ban that comes to mind is that the smoker finds himself unable to exercise his right to choose, his freedom as a democratic citizen, fully. It is certainly an infringement on the rights of the smoker, rights which are guaranteed to any and all citizens of a democratic country.But one feels it is unjustified. The smoker cannot and should not force his smoking upon anyone, he should care for the rights of others as well. The rights of so few cannot be given preferenc e over the rights of so many. All in all, the ban on smoking in public is a step in the right direction, towards a better future for us and the generations to come. All steps possible should be taken to discourage tobacco smoking, a potentially hazardous habit which may lead to death. We owe it to ourselves to do so. Banning Smoking in Public Places Banning smoking in public places I’d like to talk about the banning smoking in public places. Generally, is known about smoking that can cause different types of cancer, yellow teeth and unpleasant smell. I think that smoking in public places represent a real problem, because smoking can lead to serious health problems for both the person who smoke and the sitting next to him. Nowadays, smoking is a leading cause of mortality in the world, but also a very profitable business for some companies.In general, when it comes to smoking, opinions are divided. While some people urge us not to smoke, others try to convince us that is not necessary to make so many problems and that smoking is not dangerous. First of all, issue of smoking in public places has become today a real reason for concern. So, governments all over the world have implemented bans of smoking in public places, to the joy of non-smokers and the dismay of those for whom a cigarette is a permanent extension of the lip s.Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, a gas, which, if is inhaled, can produce different types of pulmonary diseases, cancer. This action of carbon monoxide displays one great advantage of the ban on smoking in public places. People standing next to the smoker will, against their wishes, be inhaling the tobacco smoke emanating from the tip of the cigar or cigarette as well as that exhaled by the smoker. Thus, large quantities of carbon monoxide will be entering the â€Å"victim’s† blood stream, wreaking havoc with his red blood cells.Tobacco smoke has also been shown to contain certain carcinogenic compounds which have the ability to mutate the DNA of anyone who inhales them, leading to probable cancers of the lungs, mouth and throat, and also secondary cancers at other sites in the body. These effects present another case in favour of the ban on smoking in public. Unenlightened people standing next to the smoker will be increasing their risk of getting cancer tenf old. Tobacco smoke also contains nicotine, a chemical which produces the same effects as adrenaline in the body.Nicotine increases the breathing rate, heart beat and blood pressure of the person who consumes it. Increased blood pressure may lead to hardening of the arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis. Thus another advantage of the ban comes to light. Non-smokers who unwittingly inhale â€Å"second-hand† smoke are exposed to nicotine and its harmful effects. Apart from the evident medical and health advantages of the ban on smoking in the public, certain social advantages can be mentioned.It is a well-known fact that children, having impressionable minds, emulate almost everything they see their elders doing. The negative impact of seeing an adult smoking could ultimately lead these children to becoming smokers themselves. And the chances of such sighting increase manifold in public places where smoking is allowed. Countries which provide free medical aid for their ci tizens have an added advantage, a monetary one. Respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling tobacco smoke are on the rise, resulting in an increase in the amount of money spent on medical care by these countries.Most of the people suffering from these illnesses are non-smokers exposed to ‘second-hand’ smoke. By banning the smoking of any form of tobacco in public, the incidence of these illnesses is greatly decreased, thus saving millions which may be directed towards other projects. The only disadvantage of the ban that comes to mind is that the smoker finds himself unable to exercise his right to choose, his freedom as a democratic citizen, fully. It is certainly an infringement on the rights of the smoker, rights which are guaranteed to any and all citizens of a democratic country.But one feels it is unjustified. The smoker cannot and should not force his smoking upon anyone, he should care for the rights of others as well. The rights of so few cannot be given preferenc e over the rights of so many. All in all, the ban on smoking in public is a step in the right direction, towards a better future for us and the generations to come. All steps possible should be taken to discourage tobacco smoking, a potentially hazardous habit which may lead to death. We owe it to ourselves to do so.